1. Effects on egg production& egg quality 2.Growth promoting effect 3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function 4. Antimicrobial action &Impact on pathogenic microorganisms 5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action 6. Effect on immune system function 7. AntiCancer properties

1. Phytogenics As Feed Additives In Poultry Production :
An overview of the activities of the last 15 years
 By Dr. Reza Vakili

2. 1) Name :Reza Vakili
2) Scopus Author Id(10-11 Digits): 55610656200
3) ORCID(16 Digits):2219-0011-0002-0000
4) Web of Science ResearcherID(Publons): AAU-3880-2021
5) Google Scholar Profile Link:(*)
https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=DiqD2QoAAAAJ
6) Profile Link (ResearchGate)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reza-Vakili-2

3. Most related My publications about Phytogenics:
 -Phytobiotic role of essential oil-loaded microcapsules in improving the health parameters in
Clostridium perfringens-infected broiler chickens
Moharreri, M., Vakili, Reza., Oskoueian, E., Rajabzadeh, G.
Italian Journal of Animal Sciencethis, 2021, 20(1), pp. 2075–2085
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1993093#.YYUYrG84P5o.linkedin

-Effects of microencapsulated essential oils on growth performance and biomarkers of inflammation
in broiler chickens challenged with salmonella enteritidis
Moharreri, M., Vakili, Reza, Oskoueian, E., Rajabzadeh, Q.
Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences.2021
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658077X21001429?via%3Dihub

-Evaluation of Microencapsulation Essential Oils in Broilers challenged with
salmonella enteritidis.2021. A Focus on the body's antioxidant status,Gut
Microbiology and Morphology. Archives of Razi Institute journal. DOI:
10.22092/ARI.2021.354334.1634
 Moharreri, M., Vakili, R., Oskoueian, E., Rajabzadeh, Q.

4.  -Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Herbal Extracts and
Flaxseed.Vakili, Reza ; Heravi, RM.
POULTRY SCIENCEJOURNAL.2016.Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Pages: 107-116.DOI: 10.22069/PSJ.2016.9833.1156
 - Performance of Brioler Chickens and mRNA Expression of Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene
Fed with Soybean. Reza Vakili.2014. Annual Research & Review in Biology.4(13): 2163-2173,
2014
 - Comparison the mRNA Expression Levels of PNOC and NPY Genes in Broilers fed Purslane
Seed Extract. Reza Vakili Soniya ZakiZadeh.2014. Agricultural Biotechnology Journal
.Volume 5, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4.Autumn 2013Pages 151-164
10.22103/JAB.2014.1228. HTTPS://JAB.UK.AC.IR/ARTICLE_1228.HTML?LANG=EN
 -Reza Vakili ,Mina Toroghian Shararhe Rezaeian ,Mahdi Elahi Torshizi .2021. The effect of
hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals on egg laying performance of Leghorn chickens and
the inhibitory effects of obtained eggs on the growth of MCF-7 and PC3 cancer
cells.Veterinary Researches and Biological products. Articles in Press, Accepted
Manuscript Available Online from 15 November 2021
 …..

5. Phytogenics
Phytogenics are a group of natural growth
promoters (NGPs) or non-antibiotic growth
promoters used as feed additives, derived from
herbs, spices or other plants (e.g. garlic, oregano,
thyme, rosemary, coriander and cinnamon) as well
as to their respective plant extracts in the form of
essential oils (Windisch et al. 2008). They are
commonly regarded as favorable alternatives feed
additives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in
poultry production (Windisch et al. 2008).

6. Commonly Used Phytogenic Compounds
Commonly used to classify the vast variety of phytogenic
compounds, mainly with respect to origin and processing, such
as herbs (flowering, nonwoody, and nonpersistent plants),
spices (herbs with an intensive smell or taste commonly added
to human food), essential oils (volatile lipophilic compounds
derived by cold expression or by steam or alcohol distillation),
or oleoresins (extracts derived by nonaqueous solvents).

7. Table 1. Often used plants, its active components and functions for
poultry and other animals
Source:
Kamel,
2000

8. Table 2. Herbs and spices frequently used in
phytogenic feed additives for poultry
Herb/spice Latin name Plant family Main
constituents
Oregano Oreganum vulgare Labiateae
Carvacrol, thymol
Thyme Thymus vulgare Labiateae
Thymol, carvacrol
Garlic Allium sativum L. Alliaceae, Liliaceae Diallyldisulfide,
alliin, alliciin
Horseradish Armoracia rusticana Brassicaceae Allyl-
isothiocyanate
Chili,
Cayenne Pepper Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae
Capsaicin
Peppermint Mentha piperita Labiateae Menthol,
carvacrol
Cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia Lauraceae
Cinnamaldehyde
Anise Pimpinella anisum Apiaceae, Umbelliferae
Source: Windisch et al. 2008

9. Table 3. Chemical composition of phytogenic feed additives
Spices/Herbs DM% EE% CP% CF% Ash%
NFE%
Organo 88 0.6 10.8 12.9 0.9 62.8
Garlic 96 0.7 15.3 2.1 4.1 73.2
Cress 97 23.2 24.2 11.9 7.1 30.7
Mustard 96 38.5 25.4 6.4 4.3 21.2
Black cumin 97 31.9 20.6 10.4 4.5 30
Fenugreek 92 4.5 12.9 13.1 4.2 57.5
Black pepper 95 5.3 25.5 23.6 3.6 37.4
Clover 92 16.6 6.9 11.5 6 51.3
Ginger 94 5.4 8.6 3.3 6.3 63
Ansi 94 1.38 12.9 20.9 0.8 58
Source:
Christaki et
al. 2011

10. Table 4. Examples of aromatic plants and their major bioactive components
Spice / Herb Proximate Essential Oil Content (%) Major
essential oil Component(s)
Garlic 0.3 - 0.5 Allicin
Mustard 0.5 - 1.0 Allyl isothiocyanate
Cinnamon 0.5 - 2.0 Cinnamaldehyde,
Eugenol
Cloves 1.6 – 1.8 Eugenol
Sage 0.7 - 2.0 Thymol, Eugenol
Oregano 0.8 - 0.9 Thymol, Carvacrol

11. Active ingredients in essential oils

14. Effects of plant compounds in
poultry:
 1. Effects on egg production& egg quality
 2.Growth promoting effect
 3.Impact Influence on palatability and gut function
 4. Antimicrobial action& Impact on pathogenic
microorganisms
 5. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action
 6. Effect on immune system function
 7. AntiCancer properties
 ….

15. Effects on egg production
Garlic (Allium sativum), thyme (Thymus vulgarus) and conflower (Echinacea purpurea) as
feed supplements have recently been reported to exert a wide range of beneficial effects
on egg production and quality (Khan et al. 2012). Bolukbasi and Erhan, (2007) studied the
effect of dietary supplementation with thyme on performance of laying hens and E. coli
concentrations in their feces. Thyme addition to basal diet at the level of 0.1-0.5% have
given an improvement in feed conversion and egg production associated to a decline of
E.coli concentration in feces.
Effect of PFA on egg quality traits, such as yolk composition, shell thickness or Haugh
Unit rating, were reported in a few studies only, whereas the majority of reports did not
identify substantial effects (Navid et al. 2013).

17. Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens Fed Diets Supplemented with Herbal Extracts and Flaxseed
Vakili, Reza ; Heravi, RM
POULTRY SCIENCE JOURNAL.Volume: 4 Issue: 2 Pages: 107-116.DOI: 10.22069/PSJ.2016.9833.1156
Abstract
In this experiment, the effects of fennel and thyme extracts with and without flaxseed were investigated on performance and egg
quality of Leghorn-type laying hens (Hy-Line W-36). 200 laying hens from 26 to 38 weeks of age were assigned to five dietary
treatments with five replications. The treatment groups were: 1) Control (a diet without any additives); 2) control diet plus fennel
(40 mg/kg feed); 3) control diet plus thyme (40 mg/kg feed); 4) a diet containing flaxseed and fennel; and 5) a diet containing
flaxseed plus thyme. There were significant differences in feed intake and egg weight between the treatments (p < 0.05). The egg
yolk color index in hens that received thyme extract and flaxseed treatment was significantly higher than other treatments (p <
0.05). Hens fed control diet had lower Haugh unit compared to other treatments that contained herbal extracts. The eggshell
strength was significantly higher in hens that received thyme extract and flaxseed treatments than control (p < 0.05). The eggshell
weight in treatments containing flaxseed was significantly higher compared to the other treatments (P < 0.05). The lowest egg yolk
cholesterol concentration was found in hens fed thyme and flaxseed treatment. The hens fed plant extracts and flaxseed diets had
eggs with low palmitic and stearic acids and high α-linolenic acid. It is concluded that thyme and fennel extracts, as well as
flaxseed, improved the performance and egg quality of laying hens. The use of flaxseed and thyme extract improved egg yolk
omega-3 fatty acids and decreased yolk cholesterol content.

18. Plant resources required to extract
phenolic compounds:
Thymus vulgaris
Mentha
Satureja hortensis
Piper nigrum

19. Extraction of essential oils from plants
by Clevenger apparatus

20. Treatment of wall material formulations
Treatments
Whey protein concentrate
(%)
Modified starch (%) Maltodextrin (%)
T1 10 65 25
T2 10 25 65
T3 12.5 53.75 33.75
T4 12.5 33.75 53.75
T5 17.25 35.3 48.73
T6 17.25 48.73 35.3
T7 20 25 55
T8 20 55 25

21. Emulsion preparation (Ultratorax device)
Microencapsulation by spray dryer

22. Physicochemical investigation of
encapsulated compounds
 Encapsulation efficiency
 Measuring the amount of essential oil retention
 Particle size distribution
 Measuring the amount of essential oil on the surface of particles
 Measure the total essential oil
 Measurement of surface oil
 Encapsulated Powder Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

23. Investigation of the effect of encapsulated compounds
on chickens infected with pathogenic microorganisms
 Final weight, total feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR) were
determined. Chickens were slaughtered and sampled, and blood
samples were collected for immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin A,
and liver enzymes. Lipid peroxidation was analyzed by measuring the
amount of malondialdehyde in meat and serum.
 Morphological characteristics of ileum including villi height, villi
width, depth and number of goblet cells were determined and also pH
of ileum and cecum were measured.
 Ileum content and ileum tissue were sampled and frozen in liquid
nitrogen to analyze gene expression.

25. Animal trial
Clostridium perfringens

26. Animal trial
Salmonella Enteritidis

27. Experimental treatments
Treatments Diet Status
T1 Normal diet Un-infected
T2 Normal diet Infected
T3 Normal diet+0.5 kg microencapsulated essential oil /ton of the feed Infected
T4 Normal diet+1 kg microencapsulated essential oil/ton of the feed Infected
T5 Normal diet+2 kg microencapsulated essential oil/ton of the feed Infected
T6 Normal diet+1 kg Digestarom P.E.P./ ton of the feed Infected
T7 Normal diet+0.4 g Oxytetracycline/ton of the feed Infected
Digestarom P.E.P.: Commercial natural product based on the matrix-encapsulated mixture of natural extracts from aromatic plants containing thymol, carvacrol,menethol, and limonene
Oxytetracycline: a common synthetic antibiotic growth promoter

28. Measurement of total antioxidant and flavonoid
activity in serum and breast tissue
 MDA test
 DPPH test
 Measurement of total flavonoids by
spectrophotometer

29. Microbial populations analysis
 Using a real-time PCR platform, (LightCycler 96 instrument, Roche, Basel,
Switzerland)
 The population of S. enteritidis and c.perfringenes bacteria , lactic acid
bacteria populations were determined

30. Gene expression analysis

31. result

32. Microencapsulation analysis
In this study:
 the essential oil microencapsulated by using spray drying technique with
applying different composition of 20% WPC, 25% MS and 55% MD as
wall materials
 particle size (323 nm)
 retention oil (80.9%)
 low surface oil (2.1%)
 high encapsulation efficiency (96.2%)
 the main volatile compounds were thymol 35.20%, carvacrol 20.58%

33. Electron microscope image microcapsule of
treatment 7

34. The results chickens challenged by
S. enteritis
Treatments
Final weight
(g)
Total feed intake (g) FCR
Ileum
pH
Cecum pH
T1 294.6b 325.2a 1.10bc 6.2 7.7
T2 263.4d 318.7b 1.21a 6.7 7.8
T3 287.0c 319.2ab 1.11bc 6.4 7.7
T4 296.8ab 317.2b 1.07bcd 6.0 6.9
T5 301.3a 312.1c 1.04d 6.0 6.9
T6 299.1a 312.8c 1.05cd 6.2 6.9
T7 286.7c 321.6a 1.12b 6.1 7.2
SEM 2.67 1.47 0.031 0.28 0.37
T1: Un-infected; T2: Infected; T3: Infected+0.5 kg/ton; T4: Infected+1 kg/ton; T5: Infected+2 kg/ton; T6: Infected + DPEP; T7: Infected+Oxy 0.4 kg/ton
FCR: Feed conversion ratio
The experiment conducted for 10 days.
Different letters in the same column indicated significant difference (p<0.05)
The analysis were performed in triplicates

35. The results chickens challenged by
C .perfringenes
Treatments
Final weight
(g)
Total feed intake (g) FCR
T1 685.3c 809.2c 1.18ab
T2 661.2e 813.4bc 1.23a
T3 676.6c 819.2b 1.21a
T4 707.6b 831.2a 1.17b
T5 729.7a 835.5a 1.15b
T6 727.4a 832.5a 1.14b
T7 675.9c 812.3bc 1.20a
SEM 7.18 4.79 0.012
P-Value 0.03 0/04 0.04
The means with different letters in the same column are significantly different (p<0.05).
T1: Uninfected; T2: Infected; T3: Infected+0.5 kg/ton; T4: Infected+1 kg/ton; T5: Infected+2 kg/ton; T6: Infected + DPEP; T7: Infected+Oxy 0.4 kg/ton
FCR: Feed conversion ratio
The experiment was conducted for 23 days.

37. Morphometric analysis Broiler Chickens
Challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis and
Clostridium perfringens

38. Ilium in chickens infected with
Clostridium perfringens
Treatment 2 Treatment 5

39. Ilium in chickens infected with
salmonella enteritidis
Treatment 2 Treatment 5

40. the ileum and cecum microbial population in
T2
the ileum and cecum microbial population
in T5 , T6

41. Gene expression analysis in the ileum tissue IN
Broiler Chickens Challenged with Salmonella
Enteritidis and Clostridium perfringens
 occludin gene as staple of tight junction
 super oxide dismutase (SOD) gene as an
antioxidant
 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
gene as an important biomarker of
inflammation in the ileum tissue

42. Title ISSN Journal Title
Effects of microencapsulated essential oils on growth performance and biomarkers of
inflammation in broiler chickens challenged with salmonella enteritidis
1658077X Journal of the Saudi Society of
Agricultural Sciences
Phytobiotic role of essential oil-loaded microcapsules in improving the health parameters in
Clostridium perfringens-infected broiler chickens
15944077 Italian Journal of Animal Science
Evaluation of Microencapsulation Essential Oils in Broilers challenged with salmonella
enteritidis. A Focus on the body's antioxidant status, Gut Microbiology and Morphology
(in press)
3653439 Archives of Razi institute

43. Effects on carcass characteristics
There are no indications of significant beneficial effects of phytogenic feed additives in terms
of carcass yield. Supplementation with plant extracts enhanced the breast muscle proportion
of the eviscerated carcass by only 1.2% when compared with the control group, while
supplementation with anise seeds did not improve carcass dressing percentage (Jamroz et
2005; Soltan et al. 2008). The values obtained for breast portion, thigh and drumstick
were very approximate, and the differences between them were significant compared with
control group (Stanaćev et al. 2011a).
Effects on meat quality and safety
Include rosemary and sage extracts, oregano oil, oregano, rosemary powder, garlic powder
shown beneficial effects on stored meat quality, an effect related to their antioxidant
properties in the case of the reduction or delaying of lipid oxidation(Young et al. 2003;
Spernakova et al. 2007; Stanaćev et al. 2011a). It is widely acknowledged that the addition of
phytogenic compounds such as herbs, spices or essential oils in foods of animal origin
contribute to food microbiological safety and quality upon food storage in the raw or
stages through their antimicrobial and antioxidant functions (Soltan et al., 2008).

44. Effects on nutrient digestibility
Lee et al. (2004) reported that there is no differences between the non-supplemented
control and the phytoadditive treatments regarding the apparent ileal digestibilities of
crude protein and starch as well as for the total tract fat digestibility at the age of 21 and
days in an experiment with female Cobb broilers fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet
supplemented with thyme, cinnamaldehyde or a commercial essential oils preparation at
100 mg/kg diet. Inclusion of two three-component commercial essential oil products in a
wheat-corn-soybean meal basal diet fed to Ross male broilers, showed improvements in
ileal digestibility of dry matter and starch and the total tract apparent digestibility of dry
matter, crude protein and fat compared to the un-supplemented control (Hernandez et
2004).

45. Effects on reducing feed cost
The use of the phytogenic feed additive in broiler chicken diets had a
good economic advantage when feed cost is considered (Gerson et al.
2009). Minh et al. (2010) who reported that supplementation of dried
ginger to broiler diets led to improved performance and reduced feed
cost. Phytogenic feed additives is a sustainable and safe solution
for reducing feed cost while maintaining the desired performance
standard (http://www.thepoultrysite.com). Broilers fed with PFA had an
improved FCR. This could be related to a higher nutrient digestibility of
protein, fat, and minerals. These effects can result in higher economic
efficiency in broiler meat production (Amad et al. 2011).

46. Effects on emission reduction
Saponins (Yucca schidigera) are proposed to reduce intestinal ammonia
formation, and thus aerial pollution of housing environment, which is considered
an important health stress, especially for young animals (Francis et al. 2002).
Improvements in protein digestibility will result in better utilization of dietary
amino acids and thus reduce the excretion of nitrogenous compounds. As such,
phytogenic feed additives have the potential to reduce emissions from poultry
farms. Studies investigating the effects of feeding two levels of dietary crude
protein (21 vs. 23 percent) in combination with or without two levels of green tea
(1.5 and 3 g/kg diet) or one level of oxytetracycline at 0.1 g/kg diet, revealed that
decreasing dietary crude protein level to 21 percent had no adverse effects on
the growth rate of broilers. Green tea supplementation at 1.5 g/kg diet increased
growth rate and improved FCR by 10 percent.

47. Anti-cancer eggs
 Using a supplement containing the active ingredients of saffron,we
succeeded in manipulating the egg composition of the diet so that it
contained crostin and camphorol and other anti-cancer compounds, and in
cell culture conditions had an inhibitory effect on the growth of prostate
and breast cancer cells.
 This is a result that we hope will lead to the expansion of the production of
cheap medicines and useful eggs. In the future, it is necessary to carefully
test the properties of the ingredients of these eggs and determine their
health as a medicinal product.

48.  The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petals on egg laying performance of Leghorn chickens and the
inhibitory effects of obtained eggs on the growth of MCF-7 and PC3 cancer cells. Reza Vakili ,Mina
Toroghian Shararhe Rezaeian ,Mahdi Elahi Torshizi .2021.Veterinary Researches and Biological
products. Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript Available Online from 15 November 2021
 Saffron Extract Feed Supplemented Hen Egg as an Anticancer Food Source as Evidenced by the Inhibitory
Properties on Cancer Cell (PC3 and MCF7) Growth. Reza Vakili*, Elham Azarpazhooh, Sharayei, P., Hosahalli S.
Ramaswamy. Journal of Food Science (under review).

49. Conclusions
It can be concluded that phytogenic feed additive can be used as natural non-antibiotic growth
promoters, which is found from herbs, spices, essential oils and oleoresins. Phytogenic feed
additives have antioxidative, antimicrobial, growth promoting and emmuno stimulant effects in
poultry production. The antioxidative efficacy of some phytogenic compounds to protect the
quality of feed, as well as that of food derived from animals. Phytogenic feed additives have a
potential of antimicrobial effects to contribute to a final reduction of intestinal pathogen
through inhibition of adherence to the mucosa. It has a great role in enhancements of digestive
enzyme activity and absorption capacity. Phytogenic feed additives has beneficial effects on
normal gut function, the overall performances of birds ( feed intake, body weight gain, feed
conversion ratio, , nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and egg production) , meat
and safety in the storage, and emission reduction in poultry houses.
Animal feed manufacturers and especially the poultry one must bring such high quality
within cheapest cost to the market in sustainable way. Promoting the use of phytogenic feed
additives in poultry production, that agrees with today consumers’ demand.