The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
3. SLIDESMANIA.
M
INTRODUCTION:
● This module is designed to familiarized students with mensuration and
calculation. A description of shape is valueless without proper and
complete indication of size. The shop worker preferably the draftsman
must know the exact width, height, and depth of a work piece, as well as
the diameter and precise location of holes. Accuracy of measurements
depends on one’s ability to use measuring tools correctly.
4. SLIDESMANIA.
M
WHAT IS MENSURATION?
● In the broadest sense, mensuration is all about the process of
measurement. It is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study
of Geometric shapes, their areas, volume and related parameter.
● Mensuration is based on the use of algebraic equations and geometric
calculations to provide measurements, data regarding the width, depth,
and volume of a given object or group of objects.
5. TECHNICAL TERMS:
● ALIGNED SYSTEM – is a dimensioning system where all dimensions are parallel
to the line being measured.
● ANGLE – is a geometrical figure composed of two straight lines intersecting at
one of their extremities.
● CIRCLE – is a closed curve where all points are equally distant from the center.
● CONCENTRIC CIRCLE – consist of two or more circles with a common center.
6. ● CONE – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in passing through a
fixed points.
● DODECAHEDRON – is a solid shape with twelve pentagons.
● ECCENTRIC CIRCLES – are circles having no common center.
7. SLIDESMANIA.
M
● HEPTAGON – is a polygon with seven sides.
● HEXAHEDRON – is a solid cube
● HEXAGON – is a polygon with six sides
● ICOSAHEDRON – is a solid shape with twenty triangles.
8. SLIDESMANIA.
M
● NONAGON – is a polygon with seven sides.
● OCTAGON – is a polygon with eight sides.
● OCTAHEDRON – is a solid shape with eight triangles.
9. ● PENTAGON – is a polygon with five sides.
● POLYGON – is a plane geometric figure bounded by straight lines.
● PRISM – has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.
● PYRAMID – has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a common point
called vertex.
● QUADRILATERAL – is a four sided plane geometrical figure.
● RADIUS – is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with a point on the
circumference of a circle.
10. ● SECTOR – is a portion of a circle bounded by two radii and the intercepted arc.
● SEGMENT – is a portion of a circle bounded by an arc and a chord.
● SOLID – is a three-dimensional figure.
● SPHERE – is generated by a circle revolving around each diameter.
● TETRAHEDRON – is a solid with four triangles.
12. SLIDESMANIA.
M
12
IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING
TOOLS
Measuring tools are essential for examining a finished
product or semi- finished product. The inspection or
examination operations include checking, or testing an
object based on the required dimensions given on a
diagram or a sketch. Measurements taken must be
accurate.
12
16. SLIDESMANIA.
M
RULERS is the
most popular type
of measuring tool. It
is usually 6 to 12
inches in length. It
is measuring sizes
and distances.
16
17. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
TRIANGULAR SCALE
– is used in general
drawing. Its main
purpose is to reproduce
the dimension in full
size or to reduce or
enlarge them on
drawing. 17
18. SLIDESMANIA.
M
PROTRACTOR – is used for
measuring and setting of angles
other than those obtainable with the
triangle.
18
20. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
TAPE OR TAPE
RULER – is a concave,
spring steel blade
ranging from ¼” to 1”
wide and 6 to about 300
feet in length, coiled
inside a carry case. It
provides an easy means
for accurately measuring
curved surfaces. 20
23. SLIDESMANIA.
M
STEPS IN USING COMPASS
23
a. Place the point of the drafting compass at the center point of the circle you
intend to draw. If you are drawing an arc, imagine that the arc extends all the
way around into a circle and place the point of the compass at the center of the
imaginary circle.
a. Adjust the leaded end of the compass so that it touches where you would like
the edge of the arc-or circle to be. If you are drawing an arc at a specifc distance
from the center point, make a line of the desired distance, adjust the point and
leaded end of the compass against the ends of that line , and then place the
point of the compass back at the center point of your circle or arc.
a. Grasp the middle of the compass between your thumb and fingers. Twist your
fingers, applying light downward pressure on the compass to mark out the
desired length of arc or circle with the leaded end of the compass.
24. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
DIVIDER- is similar to
the compass in
construction. As the
name implies, divider is
used for dividing
distances into a number
of equal parts by the
trial-and-error method.
24
26. SLIDESMANIA.
M
STEPS IN USING A
DIVIDER
26
a. Align each arm of the dividers so that one point is laying
on the start point of the measurement you want to transfer
and the other divider point is laying on the endpoint of that
same measurement.
a. Lift the dividers off the measurement you intend to transfer,
being careful not to change their alignment.
a. Place the dividers over the location you would like to transfer
the measurement to, and make a pencil mark to indicate
where each of the dividers` pointers sits. This duplicates the
measurement.
28. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
GEOMETRIC SHAPE
● can be defined as figure or area closed by a boundary
which is created by combining the specific amount of
curves, points, and lines.
● commonly used in drawing pictures are lines, angles,
triangles, quadrilaterals, regular polygons, circles, and
arcs and solids.
28
29. SLIDESMANIA.
M
29
LINE
• a line is a set of points.
• a portion of the line between two distinct points
is called a line segment.
29
33. SLIDESMANIA.
M
33
KINDS OF LINES
2. Parallel Lines these are lines on the same plane
which will not intersect which will not meet no matter
how long you extend them.
33
43. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
POLYGON
● A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments
intersecting at endpoints. The line segments are called
sides of the polygon. Polygon is classified according to
the number of sides.
● The following are the different kinds of polygon:
43
50. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
CIRCLES
● A circle is a closed
curve, all points are
equally distant from
the centre. An arc is a
portion of the
circumference of the
circle.
50
51. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
The following are the terms
related to a circle or parts of
a circle:
● Concentric circles –
are circles with a
common centre
51
57. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
● Sector – is a portion of a
circle bounded by two
radii and the intercepted
arc
● Segment - is a portion of
a circle bounded by an
arc and a chord
57
58. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
● Circumference – is the
distance around the
circle. the circumference
is equal to the diameter
multiplied by 3.1416
58
61. SLIDESMANIA.
M
1. Sphere is a three dimensional
figure whose points are located at a
constant distance away from the
center.
2. Prism is a three dimensional figure
with a polygonal base and triangular
lateral focus.
61
The following are the different kinds of
solids.
62. SLIDESMANIA.
M
62
3. Cube is a prism whose faces are
congruent squares. An example of a cube
is a dice.
4. Cylinder is a solid figure with two
circular bases in parallel plane and parallel
line segments connecting to these bases.
An example of a cylinder is a tin can.
The following are the different kinds of
solids.
63. SLIDESMANIA.
M
5. Cone is solid figure with a circular base
and a surface formed by line segments
joining every point on the edge of the
base to a common point in a parallel
plane.
6. Tetrahedron is a solid figure composed
of four equilateral triangles.
63
The following are the different kinds of
solids.
64. SLIDESMANIA.
M
64
7. Dodecahedron is a solid figure bounded
by twelve equal regular pentagons.
8. Icosahedron is a solid figure bounded by
twenty equilateral triangles.
The following are the different kinds of
solids.
71. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
WHY MEASURE?
All construction requires the use of accurate
measurement and calculation of quantities. On big
projects a quantity surveyor is often employed to do this
work. For house construction, it is often the job of the
builder or contractor to carry out this work.
71
72. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
THE PRINCIPLES OF
MEASUREMENT
When measuring either materials or labor or both can be
taken into account. For example, when a brick wall is
measured, it is measured in terms of its area and not the
number of bricks, weight of sand, cement and the
number of bricklayers necessary to complete the wall.
72
73. SLIDESMANIA.CO
M
CONT…
Some of the main ways that building materials are measured
include:
Counts or/sets – No measurements are taken. The number of items
required is considered. This is the case for items like basins,
toilets, appliances etc. The number recorded.
Length – Only one dimension is required. Length is used to
calculate the quantities for items such as skirting, pipes, gutters
etc. Lineal measurement L/M.
73
74. SLIDESMANIA.
M
74
CONT…
Area – two dimension is required to calculate the area in square
meters (m²). Items measured in area includes such things as
carpet, tiles, glass, painting, brick walls, roof tiles etc. (Length x
Width = Area)
Volume – three dimensions are required to be taken to calculate
volume. The unit for volume is cubic meters (m³). The types of
material measured by volume includes, concrete, topsoil and
excavations. (Length x Width x Height = Volume)
78. SLIDESMANIA.
M
78
CONT…
Weight – steelwork in a building is often measured in weight. They
can be measured in number, m³ or m² and then multiplied by a
weight factor to give a quantity in tonnes (t). Some examples of
materials measured by weight are; steel reinforcement, steel
beams, columns etc.
81. SLIDESMANIA.
M
81
COMPUTERS FOR MEASURING AND
CALCULATING
Computers and calculators make both measuring and calculating
more efficient. They also help in record-keeping. Many computer
aided drawing (CAD) systems allow items to be quantified from the
plan. More sophisticated systems calculate quantities for orders
and also take labor costs and estimates for total project costs into
account. The calculators cost $20 or more, while computer
software programs can cost up to $15,000.
