Using Herbicides in Pines and Hardwoods 2016
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A presentation by Kyle Cunningham, assistant professor of forestry, University of Arkansas
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Using Herbicides in Pines and Hardwoods 2016
- 1. Using Herbicides in Pine and Hardwood Management Kyle Cunningham Assistant Professor of Forestry
- 2. Forest Regions in Arkansas Uplands Bottomlands Pine- Hardwood Mixed, 17% Bottomland Hardwood, 16% Upland Hardwood, 39% Pine, 27%
- 3. Vegetative Competition • Serious competitor to crop trees • Competes for sunlight • Competes for soil water and nutrients • Competes for growing space • Can cause a reduction in growth and survival
- 4. Competition Sources • Common grasses – Bermuda grass – Bahiagrass – Johnson grass – Fescue – Broomsedge • Woody species – Persimmon – Blackgum – Sweetgum – Ash – Hickory – Sumac • Broadleaf weeds – Fireweed – Goldenrod – Curly dock – Horsetail – Ragweed – Smartweed – Pigweed • Vines – Trumpet creeper – Poison Ivy – Virginia creeper
- 5. Options for Competition Control • Hand weeding • Chainsaw • Shearing • Chopping • Discing • Herbicides
- 6. “Just say NO” • Hand weeding • Chainsaw • Shearing • Chopping • Discing
- 7. Importance of Herbicides Useful on all terrain Ease of application Quick Economical vs. mechanical operations Low disturbance to a forest site Leaves vegetation and litter
- 8. Considerations Prior to Application Crop species Primary competitors Application types Timing concerns Environmental factors Sensitive areas READ THE LABEL!!!!!!!!
- 11. Herbicide Use • Site prep • Herbaceous weed control • Woody release • Mid-rotation brush control
- 12. Site Prep • Imazapyr + glyphosate = “Gold standard” • Cost-efficacy is the driving determinant • Rates vary with the species complex on a site • Triclopyr is used when waxy-leaf species are a problem • Rates also vary by pine species • Use a nonionic surfactant (NIS) or methylated seed oil (MSO)– % v/v
- 13. Site prep • Shortleaf = imazapyr + glyphosate • use same materials and rates as for loblolly, but complete all applications in August-September and plant seedlings in January-February • If using Velpar L– 4-6 qts./A. depending on soil type and apply late-March-mid-May
- 14. Herbaceous Weed Control • Common grasses – Bermuda grass – Bahiagrass – Johnson grass – Fescue – Broomsedge • Woody species – Persimmon – Blackgum – Sweetgum – Ash – Hickory – Sumac • Broadleaf weeds – Fireweed – Goldenrod – Curly dock – Horsetail – Ragweed – Smartweed – Pigweed • Vines – Trumpet creeper – Poison Ivy – Virginia creeper
- 15. Herbaceous Weed Control (HWC) • Two options -- add to site prep -- post plant application
- 16. HWC-Loblolly • Site prep addition -- 3 oz./A. Oust XP or Spyder OR -- 4 oz./A. Oust Extra (Oust + Escort) • No surfactant
- 17. HWC-Loblolly • Post plant application -- 4 oz/A. Arsenal AC +2 oz/A oust XP – OR -- 4 oz/A. Arsenal AC + 4 oz/A. Oust Extra • No surfactant
- 18. HWC- Shortleaf • Site prep addition -- 3 oz/A. Oust XP • No surfactant
- 19. HWC- Shortleaf • Post plant applications -- 4 oz Arsenal AC/A. + 2 oz Oust XP/A. -- OR -- 10-13 oz/A. Oustar • No surfactant
- 20. HWC – Bermudagrass pasture • Select (clethodim) – 16 oz/A. + NIS – use with single or split application ( fair- good control with single application) • Fusilade DX ( fluazifop-P-butyl)- 16-24 oz/A. In first application and 12-24oz/A. in second application (add NIS to both) – split applications are required for best results
- 21. Woody Release • Occasional use following burn only, mechanical site prep or no site prep • Usually in second growing season, but could be in any of first 4 growing seasons • Choice of materials and rates is now restricted
- 22. Woody Release - Loblolly • 12-16 oz./A. of 4-lb. imazapyr • 12-16 oz/A. of 4-lb imazapyr + 1 oz/A. Escort XP ( blackberries, winged elm, ash)
- 23. Woody Release – Shortleaf • If hardwoods are a problem on a site, use chemical site prep
- 24. Mid-rotation Brush Control (MRBC) • Applied following first thin to control encroaching hardwoods • Requires 4-7 years to see full impact • Cost-effective if hardwoods are >5% of total basal area • Aerial application or ground application
- 25. MRBC-Loblolly • 12-16 oz/A. of 4-lb. imazapyr (aerial)—OR– • 12-16 oz/A. of 4-lb. imazapyr + 1 oz/A. Escort (aerial) – OR – • 24-28 oz/A. Chopper GEN2 (ground) –OR— • 32-40 oz./A. Chopper (ground)– OR— • 4 qts./A. of 4-lb. glyphosate (ground) • Keep spray off foliage of pines when using ground application • Add NIS
- 26. MRBC- Shortleaf • Lack of research results • 4 qts. of 4-lb glyphosate + NIS ( ground)
- 27. Summary • Many products available for all the different applications • Loss of patent on imazapyr and glyphosate has drastically changed the economics of herbicide aplication in forestry • Spectrum of control and cost/acre are and will continue to be primary factors in these decisions • Sensitivity of shortleaf to imazapyr presents some challenge, but control is still obtainable
- 28. Hardwoods • Oaks – red and white oak groups • Sweetgum • Blackgum • Persimmon • Walnut • Ash?
- 29. Herbicide Use • Site prep • Herbaceous weed control • Timber Stand Improvement “TSI” • Preparation for natural regeneration harvest
- 30. Scenarios for tree planting Row crop Old fields Cutover sites Natural regeneration
- 31. Vegetation Control Options • Mechanical – Chainsaw – “Mowing” – Bulldozer • Chemical – Broadcast spray with herbicides – Basal bark applications – Injection
- 32. Pines vs. Hardwoods • Comparative caution must be taken when using herbicides in hardwood settings – Both immediate and residual effects • Labeled post-plant products for hardwoods – Far and few……… vs =
- 33. Old Fields and Row Crop • Thousands of acres of abandoned agricultural fields are being re-established in hardwood forests annually • Many of these plantings have been considered unsuccessful
- 34. Artificial Hardwood Regeneration • In bottomland sites competition a major factor • Lack of implementation of weed control a major factor
- 35. New Ideas Impacting Competition Control • Mixed species stand development • Lack of “usable” site prep herbicides – Soil active “pine” herbicides • Need for site preparation in hardwood plantings? • More options for post-planting control
- 36. Chemical Options • Single Product • Tank Mixtures • Products used include glyphosate, imazapyr, triclopyr, dicamba and others • Chemical site prep will not provide residual herbaceous weed control during the first growing season
- 37. Site Preparation – Mowing and Spraying
- 38. Competition Sources • Common grasses – Bermuda grass – Bahiagrass – Johnson grass – Fescue – Broomsedge • Woody species – Persimmon – Blackgum – Sweetgum – Ash – Hickory – Sumac • Broadleaf weeds – Fireweed – Goldenrod – Curly dock – Horsetail – Ragweed – Smartweed – Pigweed • Vines – Trumpet creeper – Poison Ivy – Virginia creeper
- 39. Competition Control • Herbaceous weed control – Pre and post emergent options • Improper application = high risk of damage • Must use the proper chemical at the proper time
- 40. Application Timing • Pre-emergent = high success – Avoid damage potential of crop trees • Post emergent is feasible – Oxyfluorfen • Red oaks – Clopyralid – Grass herbicides • Combination of treatments – May need to reduce application rate
- 41. May
- 42. July
- 44. Herbicides for Herbaceous Weed Control • Sulfometuron methyl – Oust XP • Oxyfluorfen – Goal 2XL • Clopyralid – Transline • Glyphosate – Accord XRT II – Directed spray • Grass Herbicides – Clethodim – Envoy or SelectMax – Fluazifop-butyl – Fusilade DX – Others
- 45. Herbaceous Weed Control • Standard: Oust XP • 2oz/ac @ 10-15 gpa preemergent • Up to 4oz/ac • Adjust for pH • High pH (may have adverse affect) • Low pH (may get by with less) • 5-6ft bands or broadcast • Other options: • Pre-emergent • Goal 2XL (64 oz/sprayed ac) • Post-emergent • Select (8 – 16 oz/sprayed ac) • Fusilade DX (16 – 24 oz/sprayed ac) • Goal 2XL (32 oz/sprayed ac) • Transline (21 oz/sprayed acre)
- 46. Always pay attention to label!!! Crop species Conifer and hardwood Resistant species Application timing Susceptible species Application rates Restrictive use information Other information
- 47. HWC • We expect: • Up to 75% greater survival and increased growth using HWC • More typically – 25 – 30% • Competition for water • Wet years = less benefit • Dry years = more benefit • Other considerations: • pH • Resistant species • Onsite water • Oust XP vs Goal 2XL
- 48. HWC Findings • Many research applications have used HWC (Oust XP) • cherrybark oak, Nuttall oak, Shumard oak, water oak, willow oak, white oak, post oak, burr oak, overcup oak, swamp chestnut oak, live oak, green ash, common persimmon, red maple, bald cypress, winged elm, sugarberry, sweetgum, and American sycamore (19 spp) • No phytotoxic effects observed if label rates and application instructions are followed. • No injury noted from Goal 2XL or grass herbicides in several studies. • Avoid crop oil as an adjuvant
- 49. Clearcuts • Planting in cutover sites can be successful • Harvest needs to be “complete” • Mechanical site prep helpful • Herbaceous and vines are the major concern – Can spray a pre-emergent herbicide to help control
- 50. Single Stem Injection - TSI Remove all non-oaks between 1” DBH and 6” DBH
- 51. Common Chemicals • Triclopyr – (Garlon 3a) – 50% concentrate and 50% water – Apply in a continuous frill around stem, 1 ml per 3 inches DBH • Glyphosate – (RoundUp) – 5.4 lbs./gal, 40% percent concentrate and 60% water – Apply in a continuous frill around stem – Growing season best • Imazapyr – Arsenal AC – Up to 25% concentrate and 75% water – Apply 1ml solution per 3 inches DBH – Year round except during green up, fall best
- 52. Why Imazapyr? • Only option for wide spacing injection • Highly effective on wide spectrum of species
- 53. What is “wide spacing injection”? • 1 hack per 3” diameter at breast height – < 3” dbh = 1 hack – 3-6” dbh = 2 hacks • 1 ml of 20% Arsenal AC aqueous solution per hack
- 55. Herbicide Information Sources • www.uaex.edu Publications • Forestry Sections • Pages 179 – 184 • HWC • Site prep • Injection • Woody release • Susceptibility ratings
- 56. Herbicide Information Sources • www.clemson.edu Extension Natural resources Forestry • Sections • Herbicide descriptions • HWC • Site prep • Injection • Woody release • Susceptibility ratings
- 57. Herbicide Information Sources • Public • Private – Consulting foresters – Private applicators – Herbicide distribution companies
- 58. Thank You!
Editor's Notes
- Why do we want to talk about hardwood management in Arkansas? First, Arkansas has rich and diverse hardwood forests. There are two broad groups including: bottomland and upland hardwoods. The upland hardwoods occur in the Ozarks, Ouachitas and Coastal plain regions. Bottomland hardwood forests occur along the major and minor rivers and streams in the state. Arkansas has about 17 million acres of forestland inside its borders. Over 70% of these forests are made-up of hardwood species.