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SPE 1547
Modeling
Example
MRF Shaikh,
Development
K Shuaili Petr
Copyright 2012, Society
This paper was prepare
This paper was selecte
eviewed by the Society
fficers, or members. E
eproduce in print is res
Abstract
A field, loca
200m. It p
represents an
data have sh
observations
subsurface.
The informa
connectivity
After 20 mon
well and two
from wells i
South connec
Four geologi
temperature
nternal stru
Reservoir int
variation of H
The models
realization i
pressure data
explanation
faulting) is c
702
g the Geo
from a F
Petroleum D
Oman; G R
roleum Develo
y of Petroleum Enginee
ed for presentation at t
d for presentation by a
y of Petroleum Engine
Electronic reproduction
stricted to an abstract o
ated in south
produces hig
n opportunity
hown that th
a multidis
ation acquir
trends from
nths of steam
o observatio
in the northe
ctivity trend
ical scenario
resulting fro
uctural dip a
terval, 3) the
Haradh Sand
have been
s a reasona
a. The resul
to the field
onsidered to
logical C
ield in So
Development
Rocco Petrole
opment Oman
ers
he SPE EOR Conferen
an SPE program comm
eers and are subject to
n, distribution, or stora
of not more than 300 w
h Oman, has
ghly viscou
y for Therm
he response
sciplinary ef
red in and
m pressure d
m injection a
n wells. Th
ern part of t
d within the p
o models wer
om injection
and baffling
e Carbonifer
dstone Facie
n calibrated
able subsurf
lts indicate
observation
o be a more f
Controls o
outh Oma
Oman; R A
eum Develop
n & AH de Zw
nce at Oil and Gas We
mittee following review
o correction by the aut
age of any part of this
words; illustrations may
s a compact
us hydrocarb
al EOR deve
in the trial
ffort has be
around the
data, temper
a thermal res
he time-lapse
the pattern.
pattern.
re built to te
n. The mod
g lithologies
rous Al Khl
es and how th
against his
face represe
that an indi
ns to date. I
feasible opti
on Steam
an
Al Adawi, Pe
pment Oman;
wart Shell Dev
est Asia held in Muscat
of information contain
thor(s). The material d
s paper without the wr
y not be copied. The ab
dome shape
bon from th
elopment. A
pattern is no
een undertak
e injection
ature survey
sponse withi
e seismic da
The pressu
est factors th
delling work
s within the
ata immedia
hese may im
storical data
entation to r
ividual scen
Instead, a c
on to unders
m Flood Pe
etroleum Dev
; F Rodrigue
velopment Om
t, Oman, 16–18 April 2
ned in an abstract subm
does not necessarily re
ritten consent of the S
bstract must contain co
ed structure
he fluvial C
After an initi
ot homogen
aken to imp
area (an in
ys, time laps
in the pattern
ata is consist
ure data also
hat may impa
kflow intend
e Haradh R
ately above
mpact fluid fl
a so as to
reproduce t
nario does n
combination
stand the fiel
erforman
velopment O
ez Petroleum
man
2012.
mitted by the author(s)
eflect any position of t
Society of Petroleum E
onspicuous acknowled
with an oil
Cambrian H
ial phase of
neous. In or
prove our u
nverted 7-sp
se seismic,
n is limited
tent with the
o indicate a
act the under
ds to assess
Reservoir, 2)
the Haradh
low.
ascertain if
the actual f
not provide b
n of scenario
ld observatio
nce; An
man; H Re
m Developme
). Contents of the pape
he Society of Petroleu
Engineers is prohibite
dgment of SPE copyrig
column in e
Haradh reser
steam inject
rder to expl
understandin
pot pattern),
cores and w
to only one
e field data
predominan
rstood distrib
the impact
faulting w
Reservoir an
f a given g
field produc
by itself an
os (fluvial fa
ons.
eiser Shell
ent Oman;
er have not been
um Engineers, its
ed. Permission to
ght.
excess of
rvoir and
tion, field
ain these
g of the
, include
well logs.
producer
observed
nt North-
bution of
of 1) the
within the
nd 4) the
eological
ction and
absolute
acies and

2. 2 SPE 154702
Introduction
This paper outlines a multidisciplinary effort which has been undertaken to improve the subsurface understanding
of an oil field, located in south Oman. The field has a compact dome shaped structure with an oil column in
excess of 200m, producing medium heavy oil (100 – 1000 cP) from the fluvial Cambrian Haradh reservoir and
presents an opportunity for Thermal EOR development. After an initial phase of steam injection within a Trial
Pattern (1P) area (Figure 1), field data have been gathered, including pressure and temperature surveys, cross-well
and 3-D VSP seismic data (time-lapse), cores, FMI and well logs. An integrated interpretation of these data
shows that the response in the Trial Pattern (1P), is not homogeneous. To explain these observations several
geological models have been built with each model calibrated against available historical production and
surveillance data. The results indicate that a single geological concept does not provide a full explanation to the
field observations to date. However, a combination of concepts (fluvial facies and internal reservoir structure) is
more likely necessary to explain field observations.
Figure 1: Illustration of the 1P Trial Pattern well configuration and the surveillance data acquired from the study
area. (Note: INJ-1 was re-drilled and cored as INJ-2 due to urban planning issues soon after the initial phase of steam
injection into the 1P Trial Pattern area).
Trial Pattern Integrated Interpretation Workflow and Data Acquisition
In order to maximise the value of all the surveillance data obtained from the 1P Trial Pattern an integrated
interpretation workflow has been used to generate static and dynamic models. Data acquired in the 1P, a 10 acre
inverted 7-spot pattern, include production tests, pressure and temperature surveys, surface seismic, 3D-VSP and
cross-well seismic surveys, core and FMI data and well log data. Analysis of these data showed that after 20
months of steam injection a temperature response has only been observed in the producer well P-1, and two
observation wells: OB-1 and OB-2, see Figure 2, yellow region. There has been no temperature response in the
observation well OB-3, to the west of the injector or in other producers south of injector INJ-1. Pressure data
acquired from an interference test in the area at the start of the injection indicate a strong North-South
connectivity trend in the pattern from the injector towards OB-1 and P-4. 3DVSP Time-lapse seismic data
showed changes to the north of the injector as far north as P-1 and OB-1, the same observation well and producer,
that have recorded a temperature response from the injector well. The seismic data indicates a Northern
preferential direction in combination with a West-East temperature trend. A comparison between the temperature
observation data and time-lapse seismic data is illustrated in Figure 2 [Ref 3, 6].
358950 359000 359050 359100 359150 359200 359250 359300 359350 359400 359450
358950 359000 359050 359100 359150 359200 359250 359300 359350 359400 359450
202664020267202026800202688020269602027040
202664020267202026800202688020269602027040
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1 3000
P-1
P-2
P-3
P-4
P-5
P-6
OB-1
OB-2
OB-3 INJ-1
INJ-2
NE-1
SW-1
SW-2
1P Trial
Pattern
1P Producer
1P Injector
TemperatureObservation Well
PressureObservation Well
FMI Data
CoreDataCross-wellseismic profile

3. S
F
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in
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SPE 154702
Figure 2: Dyna
from the 1P Tri
he inferred tem
communication
dotted polygon)
njection at the t
Dynamic mod
aterally). In r
model is show
right image.
model and ob
Instead of em
evaluate the k
1. Comb
2. Presen
3. Inclus
4. Conn
Static models
numerical sim
quantitative co
Haradh Form
The Haradh F
wide-scale fl
southwest to
comprised of
1. Massi
flat or
2. Troug
cross
3. Lamin
(<10°
and sc
4. Overb
chann
The sandy bra
amic model for
ial Pattern area
mperature outli
present within
derived from a
top of the Hara
dels made pri
reality the ste
wn in Figure
An update o
served data to
mbarking on a
key elements t
bination of ba
nce of partial
sion of steam
ectivity of san
of each Con
mulator). Th
omparison wi
mation Strati
Formation is a
luvial system
the north-no
four different
ive Sandstone
r channelized
gh Cross Bedd
bedded, plan
nated Sandy B
°) bedforms ar
cours.
bank Fines Fa
nels were aban
aided river de
recast, measure
a. On the left, th
ine from the te
n the pattern b
all surveillance
adh in the north
ior to the surv
eam is much m
2, left image
of the static an
o improve und
a single deta
that are believ
affles and stru
ly sealing fau
migration int
nd bodies and
ncept were cre
he results fro
ith the time-la
igraphy, Sed
a sandy braide
’. Both regio
ortheast, thou
t facies [Ref 1
e Facies. A co
d (erosive) bas
ded Sandston
ar cross bedd
Bedform Faci
re prevalent a
acies. Fine gr
ndoned.
positional sys
ed temperature
he relatively sym
emperature dat
ased upon inte
data is overlain
hern part of the
veillance proj
more confined
e. Interpretat
nd dynamic m
derstanding o
ailed and com
ved to determ
uctural dip wit
ults.
to the overbu
d depositional
eated in Petre
om STARS w
apse seismic d
dimentology a
ed river syste
onal and local
ugh local var
1, 5]:
oarser grained
se.
ne Facies. A m
ded and tabula
ies. As chann
as lenses and w
rained silts an
stem and the
e and pressure
mmetric areal s
ta only in Yello
rference tests.
n upon the 3D V
pattern (from
ject do not re
d than all sim
tion results ar
model was req
of the steam fl
mplex model,
mine the heat d
thin the Harad
rden Glacio-F
l direction wi
el and then e
were later us
data.
and Facies M
em, with depo
l FMI data su
riations may
d massive san
more turbulen
ar cross bedde
nels migrate a
wedges of tab
nd mudstone a
four facies ar
connectivity tr
steam conforma
ow. The thick
On the right,
VSP data. The
Ref 6).
eflect the obse
mulation mode
re shown as t
quired on the
flood.
four new ge
distribution in
dh reservoir.
Fluvial Al Kh
ithin the Hara
evaluated dyn
sed for forwa
Model
osition on a ‘l
uggests that th
be present.
ndstone sandb
nt bedded dun
ed units were
and fluid flow
bular and plan
are deposited
re illustrated i
rends based up
ance from the in
k arrows illustr
the 'constraine
3D VSP data s
erved heat res
els predict. R
the dotted red
e basis of the
eological con
n the dynamic
hlata formatio
adh reservoir.
namically in S
ard seismic m
low gradient’
he palaeoslop
A sandy br
bar facies, wh
ne and bar fac
deposited.
w velocity red
nar cross bed
d where fluid f
in Figure 3.
pon well survei
nitial model. In
rate the range
ed 'heat distrib
shows change d
sponses (vert
Results of an s
d polygon in
mismatch be
ncepts were d
c model:
on.
STARS (CMG
modelling to
alluvial plain
pe was from t
raided river
hich is deposit
cies where tro
duces lower an
ded sand fill
flow was slow
3
illance data
n the centre,
of pressure
bution' (red
ue to steam
tically and
simulation
Figure 2,
etween the
defined to
G thermal
enable a
n within a
the south-
system is
ted on a
ough
ngle
channels
west, as

4. 4
F
1
T
h
g
r
P
o
T
i
p
i
s
s
G
T
v
t
o
b
t
T
d
4
Figure 3: Depos
1, 5).
The coarser g
have the bett
grained silts a
range but perm
Preservation o
often re-work
The cross-bed
nhibit flow w
preferential pe
s ultimately
system, the en
sand bodies w
Geological de
This concept
vertical conne
the pattern. In
on the underst
baffles do not
the reservoir.
The geologica
depositional s
sitional Element
grained highe
ter reservoir
and mudstone
meabilities ra
of the finer gr
ing the finer g
dded sandston
within the res
ermeability fl
controlled by
nergy of the f
within the chan
escription of
focuses on d
ectivity withi
nput data for
tanding of the
t have a latera
al modelling w
sand/shale mo
ts within a San
r energy San
properties, ty
e Overbank F
arely exceed 1
rained litholog
grained facies
ne facies and
ervoir due to
low paths in t
y a combina
flow regime d
nnels [Ref 2].
Concept 1 -
distribution a
n the reservo
the Concept
e depositiona
al extent grea
work has focu
odel of a sand
dy Braided Fac
ndy Bedform
ypically 15-3
Fines (OF) Fa
100mD due to
gies is infrequ
s as rock frag
laminated san
o the internal
these sand bod
ation of the o
depositing the
.
Baffle and S
and extent of
oir and theref
1 model inclu
al environmen
ater than 75m
used on replic
dy braided rive
cies system (ima
and Downstr
30% φ and 5
acies have poo
o the high vol
uent as chann
gments within
ndstone facie
sediment sor
dies. Therefo
orientation o
e sand bodies
Structural Di
f horizontal b
fore could pot
ude well logs
nt and well to
. Hence the b
cating the lith
er system (Fig
ages modified f
ream Accretio
50-2000mD p
orer reservoir
lume of fine g
nels cross-cut
n the coarser g
es are present
rting within th
ore the conne
f the channe
s within the c
ip Model
baffles (finer
tentially ham
s, FMI, and co
o well correlat
baffles are di
hofacies prese
gure 4).
from Bridge (19
on (SB and D
permeability.
r properties, w
grained mater
t and incise in
grained sedim
as Sandy Be
he sandstone
ctivity of the
els within the
channels and
grained faci
mper the upwa
ore data from
tion of the ba
scontinuous a
ent in the wel
S
993) and Miall (
DA) Facies ar
In contrast
with a simila
rial within the
nto previous s
mentary rocks.
edforms and c
. This would
individual sa
e braided de
the preservat
ies), which im
ard steam mi
m the study are
affles it is clea
and spread-ou
ls creating a s
SPE 154702
(1992))( Ref
re seen to
t, the fine
ar porosity
ese facies.
sediments,
.
could both
d result in
and bodies
epositional
tion of the
mpact the
igration in
ea. Based
ar that the
ut through
simplified

5. S
F
s
T
G
T
h
a
p
t
c
r
a
l
SPE 154702
Figure 4: Image
shale baffles in g
The important
• mode
angul
• distin
togeth
• young
are m
• The s
the in
perme
• Perme
transf
relatio
towar
Geological de
The objective
heat distributi
and conventio
prominent NN
the center of t
concluded tha
response to st
and P-2 show
ack of temper
e showing the
grey) from Con
t aspects of th
lling of the p
ar unconform
nction between
her with a den
ger channels
modelled as no
sandstone por
nter-well spac
eability have
eability logs w
form and up
onship perme
rds the previo
escription of
of the 1P Tri
ion in the rese
onal seismic i
NW-SSE regi
the 1P Trial P
at a clear Nor
team injection
ed no respons
rature respon
structure and
ncept 1.
he property m
pre - Al Khl
mity
n channel san
nsity-neutron
are modelled
on-net floodpl
rosity has bee
e using Petre
been set to m
were generate
p-scaled inde
eability was d
usly built por
Concept 2 -
ial Pattern Fa
ervoir. The fa
interpretation
onal trend wi
Pattern area w
rth – South co
n. Limited c
se to injection
se in OB-3 af
baffle distribut
model for Con
lata subcrop,
ndstones and s
combined dis
d to erode dow
lain remnants
en derived an
el’s Sequentia
minimum valu
ed from the p
ependently of
distributed in
rosity propert
Fault Model
ault Concept i
faults in the m
n (Figure 5).
ithin the mod
west of the IN
ommunicatio
communicatio
n. If a presen
fter 1.5 years
tion present wi
ncept 1 and oth
i.e. the top
shale baffles
splay
wn into strati
nd up-scaled
al Gaussian Si
es throughou
porosity curve
f porosity.
nto the inter-w
ty.
l
is to determin
model are base
The faults in
del by and larg
NJ-1 injector.
n was seen, i
on was seen i
nce of a fault r
of steam inje
ithin the Harad
her concepts
of the Harad
in wells has b
igraphically o
from net-por
imulation (SG
ut.
es using a cor
To replicate
well space us
ne how faults
ed on cross-w
nterpreted fro
ge. One of th
A pressure
i.e. wells OB
in the West –
reduces West
ection can be
dh Formation (
are:
dh reservoir
been defined
older channel
rosity well-log
GS) whereas
re measureme
e a natural
sing again SG
may influenc
well seismic in
om cross-well
he mapped fa
interference t
-1 and P-4 sh
– East directio
t-East hydrau
explained (Fi
(Channel sands
bounded by
by using the
deposits whi
gs and distrib
the baffle por
ent derived lo
variety of p
GS while co-K
ce fluid flow a
nterpretation
l seismic data
aults runs righ
test conducte
howed a clear
on, e.g. both
lic communic
igure 2).
5
s in yellow,
a marked
GR curve
ile baffles
buted into
rosity and
ogarithmic
poro-perm
Kriging it
and hence
[Ref 3, 6]
a follow a
ht through
ed in 2009
r pressure
wells P-5
cation, the

6. 6
F
c
t
G
I
a
t
a
A
h
t
6
Figure 5: Imag
cross-well seism
o have a minor
Geological de
In the overbur
all flow prope
the reservoir
anomalies see
Al Khlata is c
have contrasti
the overburde
ge showing the i
mic data. The fa
juxtaposition o
escription of
rden concept
erties. The o
flows into th
en in seismic
comprised of
ing rock prop
en and hence d
interpreted fau
aults are seen to
of the Haradh a
Concept 3 -
the overlying
bjective of th
he overburde
data in the ov
three distinct
erties (Figure
distribution o
ulting in and ne
o cross the 1P T
against the youn
Overburden
g Permo-Carb
he model is to
en and thereb
verburden ind
t facies, shaly
e 6). Only the
f the sandston
ar the 1P Trial
Trial Pattern ar
nger Al Khlata.
n Model
boniferous Al
o investigate
by heats the o
dicated that th
y diamictite, s
e sandstone fa
ne facies is cr
l Pattern area b
rea in a North-S
Khlata forma
how likely it
overburden i
his phenomen
sandy diamict
facies will allo
ritical in this c
based upon a co
South trend. Th
ation is mode
t is that steam
instead of the
na was occurr
tite and sands
ow fluids or s
concept.
S
ombination of s
he faults are als
elled in detail
m injected at
e targeted res
ring. In this m
stone which a
steam to prop
SPE 154702
surface and
so modelled
including
the top of
servoir as
model the
are seen to
pagate into

7. SPE 154702 7
Figure 6: North-South section illustrating the modelled facies and permeability distribution in the Al Khlata and Haradh between
P-1 and P-4.
The sandier facies in the Al-Khlata P5 is infrequent in the 1P Trial Pattern area (Figure 6) and does not provide a
continuous path from Haradh into the overburden. These facies have been distributed within the model following
a regional South Oman geological setting, and porosity and permeability have been geo-statistically distributed
within the model according to the modelled facies distribution.
Geological description of Concept 4 - Connectivity Model
The objective of the Connectivity Model is to replicate both the sandy braided river lithofacies and the
depositional architecture of the Haradh Formation. The outcome of the facies modelling has resulted in laterally
extensive channel sand bodies, which have a NNE-SSW orientation (Figure 7). Core and log interpretation
indicate that the channel sandstones are dominated by both Laminated and Massive Sandstone Facies. This has
been replicated in Concept 4, with individual sand bodies extending across the model over hundreds of meters.
The connectivity model has replicated the vertical stacking of channels observed in core and logs where muddier
floodplain facies are seen to disrupt sandstone continuity both laterally and vertically as described in the
depositional model (Figure 3).
The porosity distribution is conditioned to facies and has resulted in the trend of the channels being detectable
within both the porosity and permeability property distributions (Figure 7). Different seeds were modelled using
two different internal Haradh layering (dip) schemes to test the impact of facies distribution away from wells in
addition to the internal dip within the reservoir. Consistent results were obtained in each of the structures tested.
It is important to note that the permeability modelled has preferential (anisotropic) flow properties for two facies,
the cross-bedded sandstone and the laminated sandstone. For the cross-bedded sandstone the horizontal
permeability should be greater perpendicular to the palaeoflow direction (parallel to the lateral accretion of the
mid-channel sand bars), while for the laminated sand it is the opposite (see also Figure 3).
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
-920-880-840-800-760-720
-920-880-840-800-760-720
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1:1600
Shale
Sand
Carbonate
Palaeosol
Good Sand
Shaly Diamictite
Washout
Sandy Diamictit
Facies
North SouthAL-104 AL-37AL-30 AL-97 AL-149120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
-920-880-840-800-760-720
-920-880-840-800-760-720
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1:1600
Shale
Sand
Carbonate
Palaeosol
Good Sand
Shaly Diamictite
Washout
Sandy Diamictit
Facies
North SouthAL-104 AL-37AL-30 AL-97 AL-149
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
-920-880-840-800-760-720
-920-880-840-800-760-720
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1:1600
10
20
40
79
160
320
630
1300
2500
5000
K
North SouthAL-104 AL-37
AL-30 AL-97 AL-149
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480
-920-880-840-800-760-720
-920-880-840-800-760-720
0 50 100 150 200 250m
1:1600
10
20
40
79
160
320
630
1300
2500
5000
K
North SouthAL-104 AL-37
AL-30 AL-97 AL-149
Haradh Haradh
Overburden– Al KhlataP5 Overburden– Al KhlataP5Sand K>20
P-1 OB-1 INJ-1 INJ-2 P-4 P-1 OB-1 INJ-1 INJ-2 P-4

8. 8
F
P
D
T
s
m
o
T
I
K
a
m
l
8
Figure 7: Map
Pattern area. T
Dynamic sim
The numerica
screening of g
model buildin
of the simulat
The workflow
1. The sta
2. The res
and aqu
3. QC on u
4. The ups
5. The ups
6. Setup o
7. Model
match o
This is
8. Interpre
9. Run the
In all cases du
Kv/Kh multipl
and vertical p
massive sands
ower Kv/Kh.
view of the m
The NNE-SSW c
mulation resu
al modelling w
geological el
ng and dynam
tion results of
w followed ex
atic Petrel mod
scue files are
uifer in order
up-scaling: ch
scaled deck is
scaled grid in
of the dynami
QC. Instead
on the pattern
to assure that
et and compar
e model in a f
uring the QC
lier. All the m
pressure profi
stone facies i
modelled facies a
channel directio
lts
work of the fo
ements that m
mic simulation
f the four conc
ists of a numb
dels are expor
loaded aerial
to reduce the
heck non-ups
s exported in
n rescue forma
c simulation m
of a complete
n liquid rate,
t the model pr
re simulation
forecast mode
step a global
models requir
ile, even with
is expected to
and permeabili
on is clearly visi
our concepts
may drive th
ns. This sectio
cepts.
ber of steps a
rted in Rescu
lly upscaled o
number of gr
scaled blocks
rescue forma
at is imported
model using t
e history mat
, oil and wat
ressure and sa
results to the
e to be used fo
l permeability
re a low Kv/K
h the baffles
o have a mu
ity at a specific
ible, indicated b
is not intende
e response to
on discusses i
and uses differ
ue format.
outside the fi
rid blocks and
to have consi
at.
d using CMG
the CMG Bui
tch, the mode
er rate and v
aturation are c
e surveillance
or seismic for
y multiplier h
Kh i.e. smaller
physically m
ch higher Kv
c interval withi
by the Red arro
ed to be a his
o steam injec
in short the w
rent software
irst pattern ar
d hence runtim
istent block p
Builder.
ilder.
el is QC-ed o
vertical pressu
correct at star
e data.
rward modell
had to be appl
r than 0.05, to
modelled. Ou
v/Kh, the othe
in the 600m x 6
ow.
story-matchin
ction. It comp
workflow, mod
e packages. T
rea and vertic
mes.
properties as t
on the ability
ure profile in
rt of steam inj
ling.
lied (factor of
o achieve a m
ut of the thre
er two are cro
S
600m grid of th
ng exercise bu
prises geolog
del QC and a
The steps take
cally in the ov
the fine grid.
to obtain a r
n OB-2 (MDT
jection.
f 2) as well a
match to the li
ee reservoir f
oss-bedded s
SPE 154702
he 1P Trial
ut rather a
gical static
a summary
en are :
verburden
reasonable
T match).
as a global
iquid rates
facies, the
ands with

9. SPE 154702 9
Simulation results of Concept 1- Baffle and structural dip concept
In this model the baffles are modelled as zero porosity blocks and therefore are not conducting any flow. The
blocks do conduct heat and therefore will increase in temperature if heat flows close to the baffles. The evolution
of the steam chest was compared with in-well temperature surveys and the areal/vertical steam distribution against
the x-well and 3D VSP time-lapse data. Special focus was on the impact of baffles on heat distribution. Figure 8
shows the areal and vertical temperature distribution and also the gas (steam) saturation distribution at time of the
monitor survey for an East -West x-section.
Figure 8: On the left, Areal temperature distribution for Concept 1, in the center West – East cross-section showing the
temperature distribution and on the right the steam saturation on the right, all at time of the monitor survey, August 2010.
The shape of the heated zone and steam zone in the baffle model is very similar to results obtained with previous
models which did not include an explicit representation of baffles. The impact of the baffles is minor, very likely
due to small size and infrequent presence of the baffles.
The areal distribution of temperature looks homogeneous (radial shape) and does not match the temperature
surveys, see Figure 8. This model does not show any temperature response in OB-2 but does show a response in
well OB-3. This is in contradiction with observed responses in both observation wells, see Figure 2.
In summary the baffles modelled in this concept do not result in a better description of the observed heat
distribution.
Simulation results of Concept 2: Fault model
This concept considers the fault in between OB-3 and INJ-1, see Figure 5. Pressure data indicates that the fault
cannot be completely sealing and only partially sealing scenarios were considered.
Figure 9 shows the heat distribution and live steam distribution respectively in the same East – West cross-section
as Figure 8. The fault clearly prevents steam across the fault; steam does not flow across the fault towards OB-3
and also the temperature front is constrained by the fault. At later times temperatures do increase, but only due to
heat conduction.
AL-105 Al97-iAl97-p
Top reservoir
~ 100 m
W E AL-105 Al97-iAl97-p
ers
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
Steam sat.
rs
53
78
103
128
153
178
204
229
254
279
304
Temp oC
rs
53
78
103
128
153
178
204
229
254
279
304
Temp oC
OB-3 INJ-1
OB-3 INJ-1

10. 1
F
t
A
s
q
s
F
a
0
Figure 9. West –
he monitor surv
A comparison
shown in Fig
quantitative c
seismic mode
Figure 10. On th
attribute showin
ters
53
77
102
126
150
174
198
222
247
271
295
Temp oC
– East cross-sec
vey, August 201
n of the heat
ure 10. This
comparison is
lling section l
he left, areal te
ng the areal dist
AL-105
Fault
OB-3
ction showing t
10.
t distribution
s result is for
s possible usi
later.
mperature dist
tribution of the
Al97-iAl97-p
Top
INJ-1
the temperature
, predicted b
r a single lay
ing forward m
tribution for Co
e steam injection
preservoir
e distribution o
by the numer
yer only, but
modelling of
oncept 2 at time
n effect.
ters
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90
1,00
on the left and s
rical model, w
already show
f the results,
e of the monito
AL-105
Steam sat.
Fault
OB-3
steam distribut
with the aeri
ws qualitativ
which is pre
r survey, and o
Al97-iAl97-p
T
t
INJ-1
S
tion on the righ
ial surveillanc
e agreement.
esented in the
on the right the
Top reservo
SPE 154702
ht at time of
ce data is
A more
e forward
4D seismic
oir

11. S
S
T
o
r
s
p
r
F
p
A
p
t
c
S
T
d
t
t
t
d
T
h
l
SPE 154702
Simulation re
This concept
overburden.
reservoir so th
sand-to-sand
pathway was
results of the p
Figure 11. Ove
permeability dis
After 10 year
permeability o
time of the m
concept of ste
Simulation re
The Connectiv
described in th
the massive sa
to each facies
the permeabil
different inter
The simulatio
highest perme
ayering schem
esults of Con
investigates
A 10-year st
hat the steam
path from th
identified, ve
prediction run
erburden mode
stribution and o
rs of continuo
of the overbu
monitor survey
eam migration
esults of Con
vity Concept
he geological
andstone, cro
s, thus creatin
lity field with
rnal layering (
on results sho
eability and al
me used (Figu
ncept 3: Over
anomalies se
eam injection
m could migra
he reservoir in
ery close to O
n at this locat
el results after
on the right the
ous steam inj
urden litholog
y the heated z
n into the ove
ncept 4: Conn
models the d
l section. To
oss-bedded an
ng a degree of
h the underst
(dip) schemes
ow that the p
lso by how th
ure 12).
rburden mod
een in seismic
n forecast run
ate, if possibl
nto the overb
OB-3 and he
tion.
10 years of con
live steam satu
ection there w
gy. The heati
zone is about
rburden.
nectivity mod
distribution of
account for t
nd planar lam
f permeability
tood depositi
s within the H
propagation o
hese sands are
del
c data in the
n was conduc
le, up into the
burden. In th
ence the analy
ntinuous steam
uration.
was only littl
ing of the ov
8 meters abo
del
f the different
the expected
inated facies,
y anisotropy
onal model.
Haradh Forma
of heat is det
e connected t
overburden
cted with stea
e overburden
he 1P Trial P
ysis focused
m injection at th
le steam seen
verburden is t
ove the reserv
t sand facies
differences in
, a particular
in the overall
The connec
ation.
termined by
to the injectio
by allowing
am being inj
n. This will o
Pattern area
on this area.
he top perforat
n in the overb
therefore only
voir. The dat
present in the
n sand perme
poro-perm re
l permeability
ctivity concep
the location
on point, whic
steam to pen
ected at the t
only occur if
only one san
Figure 11 s
tion of INJ-1.
burden, due t
y by conducti
ta does not su
e Haradh For
eability assoc
elationship wa
y distribution
pt was built u
of the sands
ch is determin
11
netrate the
top of the
there is a
nd-to-sand
shows the
On the left
to the low
ion and at
upport the
rmation as
iated with
as applied
n, aligning
using two
s with the
ned by the

12. 12 SPE 154702
Figure 12. Above: temperature response to injection at producer P-1 (South-North section - injector not shown). Below:
distribution of facies in the same South-North section. The temperature response at P-1 is determined by the location of the higher
permeability sands (massive sands) and how these are connected to the injector as a function of the layering scheme used.
The dynamic results from Concept 4 show that in this realization the heat is seen to propagate preferentially in the
North-South direction with a limited response to steam injection in the East West direction (Figure 13). These
results are in line with the surveillance data, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 13. Concept 4 temperature distribution in the 1P Trial Pattern area in an areal view (left) and in a South-North cross-
section. Both images illustrate the preferential North-South movement of steam at the top of the reservoir resulting from this
Concept.
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
790800810820830
780790800810820830
0.00 30.00 60.00 feet
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 meters
File: Fourth_concept_upscaled_baffles_REVISED_test1.dat
User: mu55230
Date: 16/10/2011
Scale: 1:415.525808
Z/Y: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
0.0
0.8
1.5
2.3
3.0
Al-97 Extended Trial
CMGLCustom_FACIES 1982-08-30 I layer: 14
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
790800810820830
780790800810820830
0.00 30.00 60.00 feet
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0012.0014.0016.0018.0020.00 meters
Al-97 Extended Trial
CMGLCustom_FACIES 2006-04-01 I layer: 14
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
780790800810820830
780790800810820830
0.00 30.00 60.00 feet
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 meters
File: Fourth_concept_upscaled_baffles_REVISED_test1.irf
User: mu55230
Date: 11/10/2011
Scale: 1:411.772183
Z/Y: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
53
76
100
123
147
170
194
217
241
264
288
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
2,026,960 2,026,970 2,026,980 2,026,990 2,027,000 2,027,010 2,027,020
780790800810820830
780790800810820830
0.00 30.00 60.00 feet
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 meters
File: Fourth_concept_upscaled_baffles_w edge_test1.irf
User: mu55230
Date: 11/10/2011
Scale: 1:411.772183
Z/Y: 1.00:1
Axis Units: m
Injector INJ-1
Injector INJ-1
Layering scheme1
Layering scheme1
Layering scheme2
Layering scheme2
P-1
P-1
P-1
P-1
Top
reservoir
Top
reservoir
3.0
Facies:
Flood plain
Laminated sand
Cross bedded
sand
Massive sand
3.0
Facies:
Flood plain
Laminated sand
Cross bedded
sand
Massive sand
3.0
Facies:
Flood plain
Laminated sand
Cross bedded
sand
Massive sand
3.0
Facies:
Flood plain
Laminated sand
Cross bedded
sand
Massive sand
53
76
100
123
147
170
194
217
241
264
288
Temp oC
AL-104Al97-iAl97-p
800900
0.00 120.00 240.00 feet
0.00 40.00 80.00 meters
53
75
98
121
143
166
189
211
234
256
279
Top reservoir
INJ-1 P-1
0.00
0.00

13. S
T
H
S
A
w
X
o
(
a
R
r
F
t
C
c
F
d
F
t
n
w
s
L
A
r
SPE 154702
The distributi
Haradh Forma
Seismic Forw
All concepts
with model p
XStream is u
obtained from
(NRMS), whi
and 4D attrib
RMS repeatab
reservoir from
Figure 14 sho
the seismic g
Comparing RR
closing the loo
Figure 14. The
during the moni
From the resu
the Fault and
northern half
where the actu
strong 4D sign
Learnings, C
All four Conc
reservoir geol
- Baffle
heat d
does n
- Fault
West.
the fie
- Overb
migra
geom
- Conne
direct
closel
in the
ion of facies
ation are key
ward Modelli
have been fo
predictions di
used which r
m XStream is
ich can be rel
ute extraction
bility ratio (
m steam inject
ws the norma
generated for
RR maps gen
op where the
generated RRR
itor period.
ults illustrated
connectivity
of the 1P Tri
ual data does
nature in INJ-
Conclusions a
cepts have pro
logy and struc
e concept. T
distribution d
not match the
concept. Th
This concep
eld.
burden steam
ation into the
echanical effe
ectivity conc
tion with a li
ly to the obse
model.
(i.e. the resu
elements infl
ing
orward-model
scussed in th
required simu
s then used to
ated to the ch
n is to produ
RRR) for di
tion.
alized RMS o
three of the
nerated from
geophysical t
R map of a win
d in Figure 14
models show
ial Pattern are
not show any
-1 and OB-2,
and Way For
ovide valuabl
cture in the 1P
The distributio
does not repli
e temperature
e presence of
pt has a good
m migration c
e overburden
fects.
ept. In this
imited respon
rved tempera
ulting perme
luencing the t
lled to genera
he previous s
ulation outpu
o extract 4D
hanges in the
uce synthetic
ifferent seism
of amplitude d
e concepts at
reservoir mod
tools help to u
ndow of 60 ms c
4 it can be se
w a strong Nor
ea. The mod
y movement
which is still
rward
le insights wh
P Trial Pattern
on of baffles
cate the pref
surveys.
f a fault in be
d match to the
concept. Th
n directly fro
concept the
nse to steam
ature, pressure
ability distrib
temperature d
ate the seismi
section. For
ut, rock and
attributes su
reservoir pro
seismic, cont
mic acquisitio
difference (als
the time of
dels with the
update reserv
centered at Top
een that the b
rth-South res
del results als
of heat towar
l one of the as
hich have im
n area:
in this conce
ferential move
etween INJ-1
e observed tem
he surveillanc
m the reserv
heat is seen
injection in t
e and product
bution), and
distribution in
ic attributes i
forward mod
fluid models
ch as normal
operties (Ref.
taminated wi
on geometries
so known as R
f the monitor
RRR generat
voir models.
p Haradh for th
affle model s
sponse in line
so show propa
rds the south.
spects for furt
mproved our c
ept does not
ement observ
and OB-3 cl
mperature, pr
ce data does
voir. The ob
to propagate
the East-Wes
tion response
the internal
n the model.
in order to co
delling the S
s. The synth
lized RMS o
4). The goal
ith noise, and
s to detect o
RRR: RMS R
r surveys wit
ated using 3D
he baffle, fault
shows West-E
with the surv
agation of ste
Neither mod
ther study.
current unders
impact the st
ved from the
learly prevent
ressure and p
s not support
bserved anom
e preferential
st direction.
es in the field
layering mod
ompare the a
hell in-house
hetic seismic
f difference
of XStream m
d quantify the
overall chang
Repeatability
th baseline M
VSP is a ste
and connectivi
East response
veillance data
eam to the So
del predicts th
standing of th
team propaga
areal surveil
ts steam mov
production res
t the theory
maly could b
lly in the No
This concep
without a fau
13
del in the
actual data
e software
response
amplitude
modelling
e required
ges in the
Ratio) for
May 2009.
p towards
ity concepts
e, whereas
a from the
outh (P-4)
he lack of
he Haradh
ation. The
llance and
ving to the
sponses in
of steam
be due to
orth-South
pt matches
ult present

14. 1
F
s
t
F
T
e
t
e
e
A
T
t
w
F
c
F
4
From the fou
surveillance d
the sandy brai
From this wor
- The c
early
- Heat
orient
the in
partia
- It is a
produ
- The fa
- Seism
comp
The next step
exercise in or
the connectiv
exercise. Th
evaluation of
Also new sur
Temperature
temperature re
well as geolog
Figure 15 sum
concepts resul
Figure 15: The
ur concepts e
data. Out of t
ided river lith
rk a number o
connectivity c
performance
distribution i
tation, the var
nternal reservo
ally sealing fa
apparent that
uction and tem
ault and conn
mic forward m
are model res
in this projec
der to calibra
ity models in
e resulting m
future surveil
rveillance da
logging in O
eaching OB-3
gical modellin
mmarises the
lting in a new
static-dynamic
evaluated in
these two, the
hofacies and th
of additional c
concept high
of a steam flo
is observed to
riation of the
oir layering (
ults.
none of the
mperature), ob
nectivity conc
modelling sh
sults to actual
ct is to take fo
ate the dynam
n combination
model will be
llance data in
ata will be u
B-3 will cont
3 in the predic
ng.
results of th
w reference m
c workflow illus
this work, th
e connectivity
he deposition
conclusions w
lights the im
ood developm
o be controll
facies presen
(dip), and the
Concepts pro
bserved after
epts will be ta
ows how geo
l seismic surv
orward the lea
mic models to
n with the id
ecome the re
n the 1P Trial
sed to determ
tinue as the t
ction simulati
he static and d
odel.
trating evolutio
he connectivi
y concept pro
nal architectur
were drawn:
mpact of sand
ment in a fluvi
led by a com
nt within the
e structural di
ovides a 'Uniq
injection into
aken forward
ophysical inf
veillance data.
arning from th
the observed
dentified faul
eference mod
Pattern area a
mine, whethe
two model co
ion runs. Fur
dynamic mod
on of 4 concepts
ity concept a
ovides the mo
re of the Hara
d connectivity
ial setting.
mbination of t
channel (san
ip of the rese
que Solution
o INJ-1.
d for further st
formation (3D
. This can hel
he four conce
d field data (F
lts will be us
del for the as
and assist in W
er the partial
oncepts show
rther work wi
delling workf
s to an updated
and fault con
ost consistent
adh Formation
y (horizontal
the direction
nd quality det
ervoir, and po
' to the therm
tudy.
DVSP and x
lp to update th
epts into a 4D
Figure 15). It
sed as the sta
sset team and
WRM and de
lly sealing fa
w a clear diffe
ill be carried
flow and the
d 1P Trial Patter
S
ncept both ex
t approach to
n.
and vertical
of the fluvia
termines perm
ossibly the pr
mal response
x-well) can b
he reservoir m
D Close-the-L
t has been de
arting point in
d will be use
velopment de
ault is presen
erence in timi
out on core a
evolution to
rn reference mo
SPE 154702
xplain the
represent
lly) in the
al channel
meability),
resence of
(pressure,
be used to
models.
oop (CtL)
cided that
n the CtL
ed for the
ecisions.
nt or not.
ing of the
analysis as
preferred
odel.

15. SPE 154702 15
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following for their valued contributions to this document:
Said Busaidi, Petroleum Development Oman; Jorge Lopez, Shell International; Johan van Popta, Shell Global Solutions; and Justyna
Przybysz-Jarnut, Shell Global Solutions.
References
1. Bridge, J.S. 1993 The interaction between channel geometry, water flow, sediment transport and deposition in braided
rivers; In: Best, J.L & Bristow C.S. (eds), Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special publication No. 75, pp. 13-71
2. Godin P.D. 1991. Fining-upward cycles in the sandy braided river deposits of the Westwater Canyon Member (Upper
Jurassic), Morrison Formation, New Mexico. Sedimentary Geology, Vol 70 p61-82
3. Kiyashchenko, D Mehta, K., Lopez, J., Maamari, A., Adawi, R., and Rocco, G., A. Time-lapse processing and analysis
of 3DVSP and cross-well surveys in South Oman. SJOT Feb 2012.
4. Mehta, K, J. van Popta, J., Bauer, A., Bos, R., Busaidi, S, B. R. De Zwart. 2009. ‘XStream Synthetic Seismic Modeling
Study for Reservoir Surveillance of Thermal EOR in South Oman’. EP 2009-3190.
5. Miall, A.D. 1992. Alluvial Deposits; In: Walker, R.G & James, N.P. (eds) Facies Models a response to sea level change.
Geological Association of Canada. p 119-142
6. Rocco, G. Adawi, R., Busaidi, K., Rodriguez, F., Busaidi, S., Kindy, F., Maamari, A., Kiyashchenko, D., Mehta, K.,
Lopez, J., Zwaan, M. and de Zwart, B.R. 2011. Time lapse seismic interpretation. SPE 144933.
7. Zwaan, M., Hartmans, R., Saluja, J., Schoofs, S., Rocco, G., Saadi, F., Lopez, J., Ita, J., Sorop, T., and Qiu, Y. 2011.
Planning for increased production through integrated Well and Reservoir Surveillance in the Oman EOR projects. SPE
144164.