Suza

1. School of Health and Medical Sciences
State University of Zanzibar
2020
SKELETAL SYSTEM:
Bones of the Appendicular
Skeleton
HUMAN ANATOMY

2. Learning Objectives
By the end of this session, students should be able
to:
•Explain divisions of Skeleton of the Upper Limb.
•Mention regions of Skeleton of the Upper Limb.
•Describe the bones of the Upper Limb.
•Explain divisions of Skeleton of the Lower Limb.
•Mention regions of Skeleton of the Lower Limb.
•Describe the bones of the Lower Limb.

3. Introduction
Adult human skeleton has 206 bones
 axial skeleton has 80 bones
 appendicular has 126
 appendicular skeleton consists of bones
“appended” to axial skeleton
 girdles are bones that attach
 primary function is movement

4. Figure 7.1

5. Skeleton of the
upper limb
shoulder girdle
Regions of the free part

6. Upper limb
• The upper limb or superior appendicular
skeleton is studied in 2 parts:
1- Pectoral or shoulder girdle (formed by the
scapulae and clavicles )
2- Regions of the free part such as:
-Arm ( where the humerus is)
-Forearm ( that contains the ulna and radius )
-Hand (which is divided in 3 regions: carpus,
metacarpus and phalanges)

8. Skeleton of the
upper limb
shoulder girdle
Regions of the free part

9. Concept
Pectoral Girdle

10. Parts of the upper limb
Regions Bones joints
Pectoral or Shoulder
girdle
• Scapula
• Clavicle
• Sternoclavicular joint
• Acromioclavicular joint
Arm • Humerus • Elbow joint
Forearm • Radius and ulna • Radioulnar proximal joint
• Radioulnar distal joint
Hands • Carpus
• Metacarpus
• phalanges
• Radiocarpal joint
• Interphalangeal joints

11. Pectoral Girdle
 attach bones of upper limbs to axial
skeleton
 clavicle
 shaped
 anterior part of thorax
 superior to first rib
 scapula
 large triangular flat bone
 superior posterior thorax
 between levels of second and seventh ribs

12. Figure 8.1

13. CLAVICLE
• Classification: Flat and long bone
• Situated in the anterosuperior part of the thorax
• It connects the upper limb to the trunk
• It has 2 epiphyses or ends:
• -medial or sternal: (where it articulates with
the manubrium of the sternum at the
sternoclavicular joint. ). It has shape of saddle
• -lateral or acromial: ( It is flat where it
articulates with the acromion of the scapula at
the acromioclavicular joint )

14. The body of the bone or diaphysis has shape of S letter

15. CLAVICLE
• It has 2 surfaces:
• -Superior:
• -Inferior: (where the conoid tubercle is located)
• It has 2 convexities in its body:
• - anterior or sternal
• - posterior or acromial

16. Figure 8.2

17. SCAPULA

18. • Classification: Flat bone
• It has a triangular shape
• It has 3 borders:
-medial: (It extends from the inferior to the superior angle )
(It is near to the vertebral column)
-lateral
-superior: ( where the suprascapular notch and the
coracoid process are located )
SCAPULA

19. • It has 3 angles:
-superior
-inferior
-lateral: where the glenoid cavity is located, and it is
the articular surface that articulates with the head of the
humerus bone in the shoulder joint. Also there is a
labrum that increases the depth of the cavity and the
amplitude of movements. Above the glenoid cavity the
supraglenoid tubercle is located, where the long head
of the biceps muscle is attached. Below the glenoid
cavity the infraglenoid tubercle is situated, where the
long head of triceps muscle is attached.
The neck of the scapula is located in this angle too.

20. • It has 2 surfaces:
-Anterior or Costal: Which is occupied by the
subscapularis muscle, situated on the subscapular
fossa.
-Posterior or Dorsal: It is divided by the spine of the
scapula into a small upper and a large lower area called
supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. The spine
continues laterally with the acromion, and this one has
an articular surface for the juction with the acromial part
of the clavicle.

21. Figure 8.3a

22. Figure 8.3b

23. Figure 8.4

24. Concept
Upper Limb

25. Upper Limb
 Humerus
 longest and largest bone of upper limb
 articulates with
 scapula (proximal end)
 ulna and radius (distal end)
 rounded proximal head
 anatomical neck below
 several markings

26. HUMERUS

27. HUMERUS
 Classification: long bone
 It is the arm bone
 It is the largest bone in the upper limb
 It articulates with the scapula at the glenohumeral joint and the radius and
ulna at the elbow joint
Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal epiphysis:
- the head of the humerus,
- the anatomical neck (located below the head)
- the surgical neck , a common site of fracture (located below the anatomical
neck)
- the greater tubercle and crest of the greater tubercle
- the lesser tubercle and the crest of the lesser tubercle
- Between the 2 crest the intertubercular (bicipital) groove is located

29. HUMERUS
 Anatomical details of the distal end or distal
epiphysis:
- medial epicondyle
- lateral epicondyle
- trochlea (between the epicondyles)
- capitulum (laterally to the trochlea)
- olecranon fossa
- coronoid fossa
- radial fossa
- Sulcus for ulnar nerve

32. HUMERUS
Anatomical details of the body:
 the deltoid tuberosity: laterally, for
attachment of the deltoid muscle
 groove for radial nerve

33. Upper Limb
 ulna
 medial aspect of forearm
 pinky side
 longer than radius
 several markings
 radius
 lateral aspect of forearm
 thumb side
 proximal end has disc shaped head
 articulate with one another at three sites
 carpals (wrist)
 metacarpals (palms)
 phalanges (finger bones)

34. ULNA
 Classification: long bone
 It is the medial bone of the forearm
 It is medial to the radius in the supinated forearm (anatomical position)
Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal epiphysis:
 Olecranon (for articulation with the olecranon fossa of the
humerus)
 Coronoid process
 Trochlear notch (which articulates with the trochlea of the
humerus)
 Radial notch (which articulates with the radial head )
 Tuberosity of the ulna (for attachment of the tendon of the
brachialis muscle)

36. ULNA
Anatomical details of the
body:
 The interosseous border

37. ULNA
Anatomical details of the distal end or distal epiphysis:
 Head of the ulna
 Articular circumference of head of ulna (which articulates
with the cubital notch of radius)
 Medial or cubital styloid process

38. RADIUS
 Classification: long bone
 It is the lateral bone of the forearm
 It is lateral to the ulna in the supinated
forearm (anatomical position)
Anatomical details of the proximal end or proximal
epiphysis:
 Head of radius
(that includes:)
- The superior articular surface (which articulates with
capitulum of the humerus)
- The articular circumference of the radium (which
articulates with the radial notch of the ulna)
 Neck of the radius
 Radial tuberosity

39. RADIUS
Anatomical details of the
body:
 The interosseous border

40. RADIUS
Anatomical details of the distal end
or distal epiphysis:
 Radial or lateral styloid process
 Inferior or carpal articular
surface (wich articulates with the 3
first bones of the first line of the
carpus : scaphoid, lunate,
triquetrum or pyramidal)

41. Figure 8.5

42. Figure 8.6

43. Figure 8.7a

44. Figure 8.7b

45. Figure 8.7c

46. CARPUS
It contains eight bones
in 2 lines:
• Proximal (where
appear scaphoid,
lunate, triquetrum or
pyramidal and pisiform )
• Distal (where appear
trapezium, trapezoid,
capitate and hamate )

47. METACARPUS
- They are long bones.
- The metacarpus
consists of five
metacarpal bones,
conventionally
numbered in radio-ulnar
order (fisrt, second,
third, fourth, fifth)
- They have a distal head
for articulating with the
proximal phalanges

48. PHALANGES
- They are long bones.
- There are 14
phalanges, three in
each finger
(proximal, middle
and distal), and just
two in the thumb
(proximal and distal)

49. Figure 8.8ab

50. Figure 8.8c

52. Concept
Pelvic Girdle

53. Parts of the lower limb
Regions Bones joints
Gluteal region:
covers the side and
back of the pelvis
• Hip bone • Hip joint
Thigh: from hip to
knee
• Femur and Patella • Knee joint
Leg or crus: from
knee to ankle
• Tibia and Fibula • Tibio-fibular joints
Foot or pes: from heel
to toes
• 7- tarsal bones
• 5-metatarsal bones
• 14-phalanges
• Ankle joint
• Subtalar and transverse tarsal
joints
• Tarsometatarsal joints.
• Intermetatarsal joint
• Metatarsophalangeal joints
• Interphalangeal joints

54. Gluteal region
Back of thigh
Back of leg
Front of
thigh
Front
Dorsum of
the foot Sole of foot
Popliteal fossa
Knee region
Ankle
region

55. BONES OF LOWER LIMB
• Hip bone
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• 7 tarsal bones
• 14 phalanges

56. Bones of lower limb(62)
Pelvic girdle
Bones of free lower limb
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Anterior view
Pelvic girdle
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Foot bones

57. Pelvic Girdle
 hip bones also known as coxal bones
 anterior cartilage called pubic symphysis
 bones called bony pelvis
 ilium
 largest
 ischium
 inferior
 posterior portion of hip bone
 pubis
 most anterior at pubic symphysis

58. Features
 acetabulum
 where femur articulates
 false and true pelves
 see table 8.1

59. Ilium
acetabulum
arcuate line
auricular surface
iliac tuberosity
anterior superior/inferior
iliac spine
iliac crest iliac tuberosity
posterior superior/inferior
iliac spine
Greater
sciatic notch
pubic pecten
symphysial surface
iliac spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity pubic arch
Lateral view of the
right hip bone
medial view of the
right hip bone
pelvic girdle
Hip bone
 Pubis
 Ilium
 Ischium
arcuate line
ala
body
body
ramus
inferior ramus
superior ramus
body
Obturator
foramen
pubic tubercle
pubic crest
pubic symphysis
subpubic
angle

60. Hip / innominate bone
• Large irregular bone
• Made up of three parts
a. Superiorly: the ilium (Latin-loin)
b. Anteroinferiorly: the pubis (L. genital area)
c. Posteroinferiorly: the ischium (G. hip joint)
The three parts are joined at a cup-sha
called the acetabulum

61. Side determination
• The acetabulum is directed laterally
• The flat, expanded ilium forms the upper
part of the bone, that lies above the
acetabulum
• The obturator foramen lies below the
acetabulum; it is bounded anteriorly by
the thin pubis and posteriorly by the thick
and strong ischium

62. Hip (Coxal) bone
(internal sorface)
Arcuate line
Auricular sorface
( for sacrum)
Obturator foramen

63. Hip (Coxal) bone
(external sorface)
Lunate surface
of acetabulum
Ischial tuberosity
Obturator foramen
Wing ( ala) of ilium

64. Table 8.1 pt 1

65. Table 8.1 pt 2

66. Table 8.1 pt 3

67. Concept
Male and Female Pelves

68. Pelves
Male pelves
 generally larger and heavier
 more prominent markings
Female pelves
 generally wider and shallower
 less prominent markings

69. Figure 8.9

70. Figure 8.10a

71. Figure 8.10b

72. Figure 8.10c

73. Figure 8.11a

74. Figure 8.11b

75. Table 8.1 pt 1

76. Table 8.1 pt 2

77. Table 8.1 pt 3

78. Concept
Lower Limb

79. Bones of Lower Limb
 Femur
 longest, heaviest, strongest bone in body
 proximal articulates with hips
 distal articulates with tibia and patella
 patella
 only common sesamoid bone
 increases leverage of tendon
 protects knee joint

80. Bones of Lower Limb
 tibia
 larger
 medial
 weight bearing bone of lower leg
 fibula
 parallel and lateral to tibia
 much smaller
 lateral maleolus
 “ankle” on lateral surface of ankle

81. anterior view posterior view
anterior view posterior view
anterior view posterior view
superior view
femur
fibula
tibia
patella
upper end:
head neck
lesser / greater trochanter
shaft
lower end: lateral / medial
condyle
upper end:
lateral / medial condyle
tibial tuberosity
intercondylar eminence
shaft
lower end: medial malleolus
upper end: fibular head
shaft
lower end: lateral malleolus
femoral head
fovea of
femoral head
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
intertrochanteric line
intertrochanteric crest
gluteal tuberosity
linea aspera
adductor tubercle
medial
condyle
lateral
condyle
lateral
epicondyle medial
epicondyle
intercondylar
fossa
medial condyle
lateral condyle
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus
lateral malleolus
inferior view
Intercondylar
eminence
(Rough) (smooth)
patellar
surface

82. FEMUR
• The femur or thigh
bone is the longest
and strongest bone of
the body
• Like any other typical
long bone, it has two
ends upper and
lower, and a shaft.

83. Head
Neck
Shaft
Medial epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Femur-anterior view
Lateral condyle

84. Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linear aspera
Medial epicondyle
Posterior view

86. Lateral condyle Medial condyle
Femur
Tibia Fibula

87. Figure 8.12

88. Figure 8.13ab

89. Figure 8.13c

90. BONES OF THE LEG

91. Tibia
Fibula
Upper end
Medial malleolus
Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus
Neck of fibula
Tibial tuberocity

95. Figure 8.14

96. Figure 8.15ab

97. Figure 8.15c

98. Bones of Lower Limb
 tarsals
 ankle bones
 metatarsals
 foot bones
 phalanges
 toe bones

99. BONES OF THE FOOT
Includes
 Tarsal bones at the
ankle region (7
each foot)
 Metatarsal bones(5
for each foot)
 Phalanges (14 )

100. Metatarsals
Phalanges
Tarsals

101. TARSALS

102. METATARSAL BONES
1st
5th
Naming of the metatarsal bones start from medial
to lateral
i.e. from big toe to little toe.

103. PHALANGES
• Hallux (big toe)
possesses only
two phalanges
while the
• Other toes
possess three
phalanges each

104. talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
distal
middle
proximal
Foot bones
lateral view
upper view
medial view
lower view
metatarsals
talus
phalanges
tarsals
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
3 cuneiforms

105. Figure 8.16ab

106. Figure 8.16c

107. End Chapter