About data communication

1. Md. Rakibul Islam
ID- 1915002539
1. What is Data Communication and what is network?
- Data Communication: Data communications means the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
-Network: A network is a group of two or more computers or other electronic
devices that are interconnected for the purpose of exchanging data and sharing
resources.
2.What is the difference between data communication and network?
-Difference between data communication and network.
Data communication Computer network
- We can easily communicate and
transfer the data across different
nodes through Data Communication.
- Computer Network is best known to
transfer the data and information
across different geographies.
- Data Communication doesn’t help in
any data binding process and direct
interrelated testing for the
communication parameter is a little bit
difficult than networking.
-In Computer Network, performance
testing is more preferred than Data
Communication.
-
3. What is PAN?
-PAN (Personal Area Network) its connected into PC and pen drive.
4. What is node?
- A node is a device or data point in a larger network. In networking a node is
either a connection point, a redistribution point, or a communication endpoint.
5.What is LAN, MAN & WAN?

2. -LAN : Local Area Network(LAN) is a computer network that interconnects
computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university
campus or office building. Up to 1km are.
-MAN: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that connects
computers within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple
cities and towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. Up to 10km
distance.
-WAN: A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that exists over a large-scale
geographical area, as compared to other network types, such as a local area
network (LAN).
6. What is MAC address?
- A MAC(Media Access Control) address is a hardware identification number that
uniquely identifies each device on a network. Every PC has unique mac address.
7. What is NIC?
- A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a hardware component without which a
computer cannot be connected over a network.
8. What is IP address?
- An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a
local network.
9. Types of addressing.
-There are 2 types of addressing
-Physical address(MAC Address).
-Logical address(IP Address).
10. What is port?
- On computer devices, a port is generally a specific place for being physically
connected to some other device, usually with a socket and plug of some kind.

3. 11. Name of some computer network devices and there definition.
-Some computer network device name is:
-HUB, Switch, Router, Bridge and Repeater.
-HUB: A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect
multiple devices in a network.
-Switch: Switch is a network device which is used to enable the connection
establishment and connection termination on the basis of need.
-Router: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between
computer networks. It can detected mac address an ip address.
-Bridge: A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single,
aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments.
- Repeater: A repeater is a device that operates only at the Physical layer.
Repeater can be used to increase the length of network by eliminating the effect
of attenuation on the signal.
12. What is bit and byte?
-Bit: A binary digit is represented as a 0 or 1. Each binary digit called bit.
-Byte: 8 bits = 1 byte.
13. Difference between HUB, Switch, Router, Bridge and Repeater.
-HUB:
-A hub is basically a multiport repeater
-Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices.
-The hubs work in half duplex mode.
-A hub connects multiple wires coming from different branches, for
example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations.
-Switch:
- A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost
its efficiency (a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.
-Store and forward packets, using the network address.
-Switch can perform error checking before forwarding data.
-Router:

4. -A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their
IP addresses.
-Router is mainly a Network Layer device.
-Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
-Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table.
-Bridge:
-A bridge operates at data link layer.
-It has a single input and single output port.
-Bridge reads the MAC address of a device.
-Bridge dose not use any routing table for sending data.
-Repeater:
-A repeater operates at the physical layer.
-It is a 2 port device.
-Repeater cannot performs packet filtering.
-Its connects two segment of the same network.
14. What is IP?
- IP (Internet Protocol) Address is an address of your network hardware. It helps
in connecting your computer to other devices on your network and all over the
world.
15. Types of IP address.
-Public IP address
-Private IP address
-Static IP address
-Dynamic IP address
-Public IP address: A public IP address is an address where one primary address is
associated with your whole network. In this type of IP address, each of the
connected devices has the same IP address.

5. - Private IP address: A private IP address is a unique IP number assigned to every
device that connects to your home internet network, which includes devices like
computers, tablets, smartphones, which is used in your household.
-Static IP address: A static IP address is an IP address that cannot be changed. In
contrast, a dynamic IP address will be assigned by a Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) server, which is subject to change. Static IP address never
changes, but it can be altered as part of routine network administration.
-Dynamic IP address: Dynamic IP addresses always keep changing. It is temporary
and are allocated to a device every time it connects to the web. Dynamic IPs can
trace their origin to a collection of IP addresses that are shared across many
computers.
-Version of IP address: Two types of IP addresses are
-IPV4
-IPV6
- IPV4: The IPv4 address is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies a network
interface on a machine. An IPv4 address is typically written in decimal digits,
formatted as four 8-bit fields that are separated by periods. Each 8-bit field
represents a byte of the IPv4 address.
-IPV6: This IP address version is being deployed to fulfill the need for more
Internet addresses. It was aimed to resolve issues which are associated with IPv4.
With 128-bit address space, it allows 340 undecillion unique address space.
16. Class of IP address.
-There are 5 class of IP address:
-Class A
-Class B
-Class C
-Class D
-Class E
-Class A: Class A address are for network with large number of total hosts. Class A
allow for 126 network by using the first to zero. And next seven bit in the octet is
all set to one which then complete network ID.

6. -IP rang: 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
-Subnet mask: 255.0.0.0 (8bit).
-Number of network 26.
-Class B: Class B addresses are for medium to large size network. Class B allows for
16,384 network by using the first two octets for the network ID.
-IP rang: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
-Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0 (16bit).
-Number of network: 16,384.
-Number of Host per network: 65,534.
-Class C: Class C addresses are used in small local area network (LAN). Class C
allows for approximately 2 million networks by using the first three octets for the
network ID.
-IP rang: 192.0.0.0 to 233.255.255.0
-Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0 (24bits).
-Number of network: 20,97,150.
-Number of hosts per network: 254.
-Class D: Class D are not allocated to hosts and used for multicasting.
-IP range: 234.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
-Number of network: N/A
-Number of hosts per network: Multicasting.
-Class E: Class E are not allocated to hosts and are not available for general use.
They are reserved for research purpose.
-IP rang: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
-Number of network: N/A
-Number of hosts per network: Research/Reserved/Experimental.
17. What is the loop back address?
-Loopback address is a special IP number (127.0.0.1) that is designated for the
software loopback interface of a machine. The loopback interface has no
hardware associated with it, and it is not physically connected to a network.

7. 18. OIS model.
-7 layers of OIS model:
-Application.
-Presentation.
-Session.
-Transport.
-Network.
-Data line.
-Physical.