it is completely covered according to INC NEW syllabus in Nursing for B.Sc. Nursing Ist year students and and other students who read and having interest in psychology.

1. UNIT- VIII
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Rahul Sharma
Associate Professor
Ph.D. Coordinator
HOD of Mental Health Nursing
Seedling School of Nursing
Jaipur National University, Jaipur

3. Introduction-
Psychology is a Greek word, ‘psychi’ and ‘logos’. ‘Psychi’ means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’
means the ‘study of’ or ‘knowledge’—study of soul.
Meaning of Behavior- The term behavior includes the following:
• Motor or conative activities (walking, swimming, dancing, etc.)
• Cognitive activities (thinking, reasoning, imagining).
• Affective activities (feeling happy, sad, angry, etc.)
Development of Psychology-
In 1879, the first psychological laboratory was established at the University of
Leipzig by the German philosopher and psychologist Wilhelm Wundt (1832 –
1920). Wundt was the first to measure human behavior accurately and is known
as the ‘Father of Psychology’.

4. DEFINITIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
• Psychology is the science of human and animal behavior; it includes the
application of behavioral science to human problems. Psychology is the
science of human behavior. (Walter Bowers Pillsbury—1911)
• Psychology is a science, which aims to give us better understanding and
control of the behavior of the organism as a whole. (William McDoughall—
1949)
• Psychology is a science and the properly trained psychologist is a scientist or
at least a practitioner, who uses scientific methods or information resulting
from scientific investigation. (NL Munn—1967)
• Psychology is the investigation of human and animal behavior and of the
mental and physiological processes associated with the behavior. (Jackson—
1976)

5. Development of Psychology-
1. School of Psychology- William James, Wilhelm Wundt and
other psychologists of the time thought of psychology as
the study of mind.
2. Structuralism- This early school of psychology grew up
around the ideas of Wilhelm Wundt in Germany and was
established by one of Wundt’s students, Edward B.
Titchener (1867–1927).
3. Gestalt Psychology- This school of psychology was founded
in Germany around 1912 by Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
and his colleagues.

6. Development of Psychology-
4. Functionalism- Functionalists such as John Dewey (1873–
1954), James R. Angell (1869–1949) and Harvey Carr (1873–
1954) proposed that psychology should do “what mind and
behavior do”.
5. Behaviorism-This school of psychology originated with John
B. Watson (1879–1958). He insisted that psychology should be
restricted to the study of the activities of people and animals
and their behavior.
6. Psychoanalysis- Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund
Freud (1856–1938). He developed a theory of behavior and
mind.

7. Development of Psychology-
Year Major landmarks
1879 Wilhelm Wundt inaugurates first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany
1890 Principles of Psychology published by Williams James
1895 Functionalist model formulated
1900 Sigmund Freud develops the psychodynamic perspective
1904 Ivan Pavlov wins Nobel prize for work on fundamental principles of learning
1915 Strong emphasis on intelligence testing
1924 John B. Watson, an early behaviorist, publishes Behaviorism
1951 Carl Rogers publishes Client-Centered Therapy, helping to establish the humanisticperspective
1953 B.F.Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior, advocating the behavioral perspective
1954 Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality, developing the concept of self-
actualization
1957 Leon Festinger publishes A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, producing a major impact on social
psychology
1985 Increasing emphasis on cognitive perspective
1990 Greater emphasis on multiculturalism and diversity
2000 New subfields develop such as clinical neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology

8. Branches and Scope of Psychology-

9. Branches of Pure Psychology-
A. Pure Psychology-
1. General Psychology- General psychology
deals with the fundamental rules, principles
and theories of psychology in relation to the
study of behavior of a normal adult.
2. Abnormal Psychology- Abnormal psychology
deals with the behavior of individuals who
are unusual. It studies mental disorders, their
causes and treatment.
3. Social Psychology- Social psychology deals
with the group behavior and
interrelationships of people with other
people. It studies various types of group
phenomena such as public opinion, attitudes,
beliefs and crowd behavior. Social
psychologists study the ways in which
individuals are affected by other people.

10. Branches of Pure Psychology-
A. Pure Psychology-
4. Physiological Psychology- This branch of psychology describes
and explains the biological and physiological basis of behavior. It
concerns the structure and functions of sense organs, nervous
system, muscles and glands underlying all behavior.
5. Parapsychology- Parapsychology deals with extrasensory
perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied problems.
6. Geopsychology- This branch of psychology describes and
explains the relation of physical environment particularly weather,
climate and soil with behavior.
7.Developmental Psychology- This branch of psychology describes
the processes and factors that influence the growth and
development in relation to the behavior of an individual from birth
to old age. It is further subdivided into branches like child
psychology, adolescent, adult and old age psychology.

11. Branches of Pure Psychology-
A. Pure Psychology-
8. Experimental Psychology- This branch of psychology studies the ways and
means of carrying out psychological experiments by using scientific methods.
Experimental psychologists do basic research in an effort to discover and
understand the fundamental and general causes of behavior. They study basic
processes such as learning, memory, sensation, perception and motivation.
B. Applied Psychology-
1. Educational Psychology- Educational psychology which is involved in the
increase in efficiency of learning in schools by applying psychological
knowledge about learning and motivation.
2. Clinical Psychology- This is the largest subfield of psychology. This branch of
applied psychology describes the causes of mental illness, abnormal
behavior of a patient and suggests treatment and effective adjustment of the
affected person in society.

12. Branches of Pure Psychology-
B. Applied Psychology-
3. Industrial Psychology- Industrial psychologists apply psychological principles to
assist public and private organizations with their hiring and placement programs, the
training and supervision of their personnel and the improvement of communication
within the organization. They also counsel employees within the organization, who
need help with their personal problems.
4. Legal Psychology- Legal psychology which is tries to study the behavior of persons
like clients, criminals, witnesses, etc. with the help of applications of psychological
principles and techniques. The root cause of crime, offence, dispute or any legal case
can be properly understood through the use of this branch of psychology.
5. Military Psychology- This branch of psychology is concerned with the use of
psychological principles and techniques in military science. How to keep the morale of
the soldiers and citizens high during war time, how to secure better recruitment of the
personnel for the fighting capacities and organizational climate and leadership, etc. are
the various topics that are deal with in this branch of psychology.

13. Branches of Pure Psychology-
B. Applied Psychology-
6. Political Psychology- This branch use of psychological principles and
techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains.
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Psychology is termed as the scientific study of human behavior. Special tools and
procedures help us in gathering and organizing its subject information or the
essential facts about behavior.

14. Branches of Pure Psychology-
B. Applied Psychology-
6. Political Psychology- This branch use of psychological principles and
techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains.
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Psychology is termed as the scientific study of human behavior. Special tools and
procedures help us in gathering and organizing its subject information or the
essential facts about behavior.

15. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
1. Introspection or Self-observation Method-
This is one of the oldest methods of psychology. Introspection means ‘to look
within’. This is also known as self-observation method. It is not possible to
understand the inner feelings and experiences of other persons. For example, a
patient after an operation may be asked to report how he feels. The patient will
try to look within and recall what happened and how he is presently feeling. This
information will help for better treatment.
2. Observational Method-
Observation is the objective method of studying the behavior of individuals. It
consists of, perception of an individual’s behavior.
In this method the observer observes and collects the data. Example, in the
hospital the nurse makes an observation of patient’s temperature, pulse, blood
pressure, facial expressions, restlessness, etc. to understand clinical condition of
the patient.

16. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Steps in Observation Method
• Observation of behavior
• Noting of behavior
• Interpretation and analysis of behavior
• Generalization
3. Experimental Method-
Experimental method is considered as the most scientific and objective method
of studying behavior.
Essential Features of Experimental Method
• Requires two persons, the experimenter and the subject or the person,
whose behavior is observed.
• Experimentation should be done on living organisms.
• All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions.

17. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Steps in Observation Method
• Observation of behavior
• Noting of behavior
• Interpretation and analysis of behavior
• Generalization
3. Experimental Method-
Experimental method is considered as the most scientific and objective method
of studying behavior.
Essential Features of Experimental Method
• Requires two persons, the experimenter and the subject or the person,
whose behavior is observed.
• Experimentation should be done on living organisms.
• All experiments are conducted under controlled conditions.

18. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Steps in Experimentation
1. Stating the problem: The first step in an experiment is stating the problem. For example,
to study the effects of smoking on physical and mental health of students.
2. Formulation of hypothesis: Hypothesis is a tentative answer to the problem. For the
above example, the hypothesis can be–smoking is harmful for physical and mental health
of students. This hypothesis will be tested.
3. To find out independent and dependent variables: The effect of which we want to study
will be called independent variable and the other the dependent variable. The
independent variable stands for the cause and dependent variable is characterized as the
effect of the cause. In the above example physical and mental health will be dependent
variables and smoking will be an independent variable.
4. Arranging the environment: Under controlled environment the variables are
objectively observed. For example, physical and mental health of students (who are
smoking) will be observed. In experimentation, it is important that only the specified
independent variables be allowed to change. Factors other than the independent variable
must be held constant.
5. Analysis of the results: Generally the subjects of the experiment are divided into two
groups, one controlled and the other experimental. They can be compared statistically.
For example, smoker’s and nonsmokers mental and physical health can be compared.

19. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
Various steps of experimental method

20. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
4. Clinical or Case History Method-
This method is used by clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychiatric social
workers in child guidance clinics or mental hygiene clinics and the allied
institutions. It aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears
and personal maladjustments.
In this technique information is collected from the memory of the individual, his
parents, members of his family, friends, teachers and all other available records
and reports. The information includes the past history of the disease, treatment
already taken, changes if any like improvement, present condition, probable
causes, signs and symptoms, etc.

21. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY-
5. Survey Method
All problems in psychology cannot be studied by the experimental and other
methods. Some problems like study of opinions, attitudes, health care needs,
etc. can be studied by means of survey method. This is commonly employed in
social psychology.
The survey method involves collection or gathering of information from a large
number of people by using questionnaires, inventories, checklists, rating scales
and interviews.
6. Genetic or Developmental Method
Psychologists study not only the behavior of an individual at a particular
time, but also his development from birth to death, the influence of heredity
and environment in the development of the person and conditions favorable
and unfavorable for normal and abnormal behavior. For example, to understand
the learning behavior of an adult, the study will start from the childhood and
adolescence.

22. Relationship with other subject-
1. In the Field of Education- In the field of education has helped the learners to
learn, the teachers to teach, administrators to administer and educational
planners to plan effectively and efficiently.
2. In the Field of Medicine- A doctor, nurse or any person who attends the
patient, needs to know the science of behavior to achieve good results.
Psychology has contributed valuable therapeutic measures like behavior
therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis, etc. for the diagnosis
and cure of patients suffering from mental diseases.
3. In the Field of Business and Industry- It has highlighted the importance of
knowledge of consumer’s psychology and interpersonal relationship in the
field of commerce and industry.
4. In the Field of Criminology- It has helped in detection of crimes and in
dealing with criminals.

23. Relationship with other subject-
5. In the Field of Politics- It has proved useful to the
politicians and leaders to learn the qualities of leadership
for leading the masses.
6. In the Filed of Guidance and Counseling- It has
provided valuable help in relation to guidance and
counseling in educational, personal as well as vocational
areas.
7. In the Field of Military Science- Psychology helps in
the selection, training, promotion and classification of
defense personnel. In fighting the enemy.
8. In the Field of Human Relationship and Self-
Development- Finally it has helped human beings to
learn the art of understanding their own behavior,
seeking adjustment with their self and others and
enhancing his confidence.

24. Significance of Psychology in Nursinng:
1. To Understand Her Own Self
2. To Understand Patients
3. To Recognize Abnormal Behavior
4. To Understand Other People
5. To Provide Quality Care to Patients
6. To Provide Quality Care to Patients
7. Help the Student Nurse to Appreciate the Necessity for Changing the
Environment or Surroundings
8. Help for Effective Studying
9. Readjustment