This document provides an overview of genetics and behavior genetics. It begins with an agenda and do now activity asking students to consider what makes them who they are. It then covers basic genetic principles like chromosomes, genes, genotypes and phenotypes. It discusses examples of genetic and chromosomal problems. It introduces the concepts of heritability and nature vs nurture. It describes twin and adoption studies used to study heritability. Finally, it defines molecular genetics as looking at specific genes that influence behavior.
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docxbudbarber38650
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
Genetic and Environmental FoundationsChapter 2.docxbudbarber38650
Genetic and Environmental Foundations
Chapter 2
Where do we start? What is inherited from our parents and their ancestors and what role does environment contribute? These are but a few of the questions that this chapter will explore.
1
Heredity
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Meiosis
Mitosis
Heredity defines one’s nature – which based on the biological transmission of traits and characteristics from one generation to another. The structures we inherit both make our behaviors possible and places limits on them.
Genetic (inherited) influences are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color. Genetics also appears to be a factor in intelligence and in the origins of personality traits such as activity level, sociability, shyness, fearfulness etc. Genetic influences are also implicated in psychological problems and disorders such as anxiety and depression, dependence on nicotine and alcohol etc.
Chromosomes and genes – rod shaped structures found in cells. A normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. Each chromosome contains thousands of segments called genes. Genes carry the biochemical materials that regulate the development of traits. Polygenic – some traits are determined by the combination of pairs of genes.
We begin life as a single cell or zygote. There are 2 types of cell division.
Mitosis – cell division process by which growth occurs and tissues are replaced. Through mitosis, genetic code is carried into new cells in our bodies.
Sperm and ova are produced through meiosis, or reduction division. In meiosis the 46 chromosomes within the cell first line up into 23 pairs. The DNA ladders then unzip, leaving unpaired chromosome halves. As a consequence each new cell only contains 23 chromosomes.
2
Fertilization
Union of egg and sperm
Zygote
Union of egg and sperm - please note sperm with y sex chromosomes seem to swim faster then x one of the reason more boys are conceived then girls. Male fetuses suffer higher rate of spontaneous abortion usually during the first month of pregnancy. Boys also higher rate of infant mortality
The resulting fertilized egg is called a zygote.
3
Male or Female
Autosomes
Twenty-third pair (sex chromosomes)
XX
XY
When a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum we receive 23 from each which combine for the 23 pairs. Twenty-two of the pairs are autosomes – pair that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits.
The 23rd pair consists of the sex chromosomes which look different and determine our sex. Males are XY and females are XX
4
Multiple Births
How they occur
Dizygotic twins
Monozygotic twins
Monozygotic or identical twins – one egg fertilized and then the zygote divides into 2.
Dizygotic twins – two eggs fertilized by different sperm.
MZ twins occur with equal frequency in all ethnic groups – but for DZ incidence does vary. European Americans.
Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Epigenetics, Pedigree Analysis, Twins studies, Genetic Counseling, Prenatal testing, Linked genes, Chemical Nature of the Gene, History of Genetics, DNA Structure, RNA Structure and DNA Analysis.
Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
It contains links between the psychology and genetics. Mostly we think they are far apart but they do have links. Some of intresting facts regarding this are shared with you !!
Epigenetics, Pedigree Analysis, Twins studies, Genetic Counseling, Prenatal testing, Linked genes, Chemical Nature of the Gene, History of Genetics, DNA Structure, RNA Structure and DNA Analysis.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Objective 10/12/16
Provided notes, SWBAT evaluate the role genetics
plays in determining behavior.
Agenda:
-Do Now: what makes you who you are?
-Notes: genetics
-Review
2. Do Now: 10/12/16
1. Read the article on genetics
2. Once you have read, write a brief summary on your
thoughts about what you have read (be ready to
share) You may also include what you believe
makes us who we are.
3. A P P S Y C H O L O G Y : U N I T I I
Introductory Psychology:
Biological Bases of Behavior
“We share half of our genes with a banana…” – Robert May
Topic: Behavior Genetics
4. What is Behavior Genetics?
Behavior Genetics
The study of the relative
power & limits of genetics
and environmental
influences on
behavior
Nature v.
nurture
5. P A R T O N E
The Biological Bases:
Basic Genetic Principles
6. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) that
carry genetic information;
located in the nucleus of every
human cell
Humans: 46 chromosomes (23/23)
Genes
DNA segments; key functional
units in hereditary transmission
Can be active (expressed) or inactive
Autosomes
Sex
Chromosomes
7. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life
Like chromosomes, genes operate in pairs,
with one gene in each pair coming from each
parent
Homozygous Condition
Paired genes are the same
Heterozygous Condition
Paired genes are different
In this case, one gene in the pair masks the other
8. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life
Genotype
A person’s genetic makeup; determined at conception
and fixed forever
Phenotype
The ways in which a person’s genotype is manifested
in observable characteristics; may change over time
**Different genotypes can yield the same phenotype
**Genes are pliable
Polygenic Inheritance
Characteristics that are influenced by more than one
pair of genes
9. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life
Genetic & Chromosomal Problems
Cystic Fibrosis
Two recessive genes; respiratory & digestive tract
Sickle Cell Anemia
Two recessive genes; blood disorder
Tay-Sachs Disorder
Two recessive genes; fatal neurological disorder
Phenylketonuria
Two recessive genes; difficulty digesting a certain amino
acid – phenylalanine
10.
11. Basics: Genes – Our Code for Life
Genetic & Chromosomal
Problems
Down Syndrome
Extra chromosome
(21st pair)
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Extra X chromosome;
reduced masculine characteristics (e.g. enlarged breasts,
obesity, etc.)
Turner’s Syndrome
Missing X chromosome (e.g. infertility, sexually
underdeveloped, etc.)
12. P A R T T W O
The Biological Bases:
Heritability
The ultimate nature-
versus-nurture laboratory
13. What is Heritability?
The extent to which the
differences among people
are attributable to their
differing genes
What percentage of the difference
among height can be attributed
to genes?
90%
Individual differences v.
group differences?
Nature v. Nurture?
17. Heritability: Jim Lewis
Middle class
Wife: Betty
Son: James Alan
Dog: Toy
Hobby: Woodworking
Bad Habits: Chain smoker, fingernail biter…
Other: Drove a Chevy, watched stock-car
racing & drank Miller…
Conditions: High blood pressure &
migraines…
18. Heritability: Jim Springer
In 1980, Jim Springer called
Jim Lewis (37 year separation)
Everything down to their dog’s
name was the same (except sons
James Allan & James Alan)
When listening to each other's voices, they
would mistake themselves for the other
First in Thomas Bouchard’s “Minnesota
Twin Study”
19. Heritability: Adoption Studies
Compare children's’
traits with those of their
biological and adopted
parents
Studies suggest that
adoptees tend to be more
similar to their biological parents
Two adopted children in the same household bear no
more resemblance to each other than two biological
siblings (in terms of personality)
20. Heritability: Adoption Studies
S0 does parenting even
have an effect?
YES!
It has an effect on
biologically related and
unrelated children alike
Effects attitudes, values,
manners, beliefs, faith,
etc.
Different from personality…
“Heredity deals the cards, environment plays the
hand…”
21. P A R T T H R E E
The Biological Bases:
Molecular Genetics
DEFINITION: A branch
extension of behavior genetics
that asks the question, “Do
specific genes influence
behavior?”
GOAL: To find some of the many genes that influence
normal human traits (e.g. body weight, sexual
orientation, extraversion)