11. Achieved by decreasing the distance between
the object & eye
Need either accommodation/ Plus lenses to
maintain clear focus
due to the large accommodative demand created
by short viewing distance
15. Name Method Examples
Relative Size
Magnification
Increasing the actual
size of the object
being viewed
Larger print material
Relative Distance
Magnification
Reducing the distance
between the object
and the eye
Move object closer to
the eye
Angular Magnification Increasing angular
subtense of the image
being viewed
Telescope, magnifier
Three Types of Magnification in low vision
19. MaxPort Magnifier with eyeglasses
as display unit
FlipperPort Magnifier
for distant viewing
20. Screen enlargers and screen magnifiers
Screen reviewers and screen readers
On-screen keyboards
Keyboard enhancement
Voice input aids or speech recognition
Alternative input devices
21. Perceived Magnification
Ratio between the angle subtended by the image at
entrance pupil of eye to the angle subtended by the
object without magnifier
System
Object at anterior focal plane of lens
Object not at focal plane of lens
For accurate apparent magnification
Viewing distance / Equivalent power of magnifier
should specified
23. Effective or conventional magnification
Retinal image size produced by the magnifier to the retinal
image size produced by the object,
when viewed at a standard distance (LDDV = 25 cm)with out
magnifier
RM = angle subtended at eye by image produced by lens
angle subtended at unaided eye by object at LDDV
= α' / α25
24. Mrel = - F(-d)
= F/D
If d = LLDV = 25 cm
= F/ 4 = Trade or
manufacture
rating
Magnification
Equivalent power of
magnifier (F)= M x4
25. For : Relative = Actual magnification
Will be true for following conditions
Patient should be emmetropic or corrected for any ametropia
For Myopia = Actual Magnification increase
For Hyperopia = Smaller magnification than specified
Object at anterior focal plane of the magnifier, so that image formed
at infinity
If located at less distance = Actual magnification increase
If located further away = Actual magnification decrease
Reference object distance
For ref. Distance 25 cm, M = F/4
But in real life situation
Reading distance , 33 cm . M = F/3
Reading distance, 40 cm = F/2.5
26. The ratio of the angle subtended at the
entrance pupil of the eye by the magnified
image to the angle subtended by object
When viewed from same distance
Type of Relative magnification
Object is located outside the anterior focal plane
of magnifying lense
28. For Ref. Distance 25 cm
Miso-acc = 1 + F/4
Three assumption inherent in above formula
Magnifier to eye distance is negligible
The reference viewing distance is 25 cm
The image produced by the magnifier is also at 25 cm
Thus accommodative state / add for near = 4Ds
For object & Image
29. Term Viewing distance
Apparent
Magnification
No specific viewing distance
Relative
Magnification
A standard distance chosen for
comparison (usually 25 cm)
Iso-
accommodative
Magnification
Same distance of the object
and image from the eye
30. Discard ill-defined magnifications:
according to Bailey. Better to specify every optical LVD in term of
EVP
Magnifying effect of eye represented by EVP
EVP = Equivalent focal length of the lens system
EVP = X D of a lens system
Provides the same resolution as if the naked eye were viewing the
object at ‘x’ m away with out magnifer
Where, X = 1/x
31.
32. EVP represents
intrinsic property of an optical system that
corresponds to the resolution afforded by the system
If EVP of a system that gives certain resolution to the
patient is know,
the resolution capability by any other system can be known
by simple proportion
Eg:
If NVA with + 2.50 D is 6/18 at 40 cm, an EVP of +
7.50 Ds magnifier will increase VA to 6/6 at 13 cm.
33. By knowing EVP of a optical system is known
A logical & efficient conversion of one magnifying optical
system to another
Eg: If a +10.00 D add is required to read 2M print at 10 cm
For a CCTV, with 5 x magnification viewed at 50 cm &
+2.00D add will enable patient to read 2M print
34. Accurate corrected near visual acuity assessment
Always in Metric system (1M = N8)
For unknown sized reading material
Conversion to metric system =
letter size in mm/1.45
mm
35. Average number of letters + space counted in 1 inch
Divide that number to 1000 for metric system
Resultant is reduced snellen denominator
Eg: 40 spaces & letters in 1 inch of text patient wants to
read
1000/40 = 25 : Reduced acuity size of the print= 20/25
36. 1. Lebenson’s Method of reciprocal vision
2. Kestenbaum’s Method
3. Ratio between Best near VA to target VA
4. Reading power needed to read 1 M print
5. Lovie’s Method
6. Ian Bailey method:
Equivalent Viewing distance (EVP)
37. Find Best corrected distance acuity & a near target
acuity
M = ratio of denominator of distance Snellen fraction
to denominator of near snellen fraction of target acuity
Eg:
BDA = 20/400 , TNA = 20/50 (1M)
M = 400/50 = 8 x, Power (D) = M x 4 = + 32 Ds
38. Required Dioptric power of add =
Reciprocal of best corrected distance acuity
Eg:
If BCDA = 20/400, Power of add = 400/20 = + 20Ds
Both above method can give wrong M value:
Distance acuity is poor predictor of near acuity
39. Patient BNA at testing distance (TD) is recorded
in M notation
Target near acuity (TNA) is determine, let “X” be
new reading distance
Then, BNA/ TNA = TD/ X, X = TNA/BNA x TD
Now, power of Add = 1/X in m
40. If, BNA = 4M at 0.4 m, TNA = 1M , X = ?
X = TNA/ BNA x TD
= ¼ x 40 = 10 cm
Add required (D) = 100/X = 100/10 = +10 Ds
Patient need to hold the reading material at 10 cm
with + 10 Ds magnifier
41. Measure BNA at 40 cm (16 inches)
Theoretical add power to read 1M print
= Multiply BNA, M value by 2,50 Ds
Eg:
If 4 M read at 40 cm
Add power = 2.50 x 4 = + 10.00 Ds
42. To find the patient goal and expected reading rate
Reading rate (words per minute) for normal
To spot: 80 wpm – Enables identification of single word
To be fluent : 160 wpm – Enables reading accurately
Maximum: 320 wpm – Enables reading accurately at
a high speed
43. Needs threshold than desired print size
Spot: one Line smaller
Fluent: Three lines smaller
Maximum: Five line
Eg: BNA is 1.6 M , required TNVA is 1 M
To be fluent threshold = 3 lines minimum = 0.5 M
Keep in mind:
“Magnification is more important than the
field for best reading vision with visual
impairment”
44. Defn
:
It is the distance at which the object itself would
subtend an angle that is equal to the angle that
is being subtended by the image.
We need to adopt EVD forgetting every
magnification
- Calculation of EVD in next class??????
45. Jyoti Khadka
Optometry Instructor
Prof. George C Woo
The Hong Kong Polytechnique Univeristy