comparison between pervez musharaf and zia-ul-haq.

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Zia-ul-haq vs Pervez mushrraf
Zia-ul-haq
Introduction Of Zia-Ul-Haq
MuhammadZia-ul-Haq (12 August1924 – 17 August
1988)was a Pakistani four-star general who served as the
6th President of Pakistan from 1978 until his death in
1988, after declaring martial law in 1977. He remains the
country’s longest-serving de facto head of state.

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Military services
Zia was commissionedin the British Indian Army in the
Guides Cavalry on 12 May 1943 after graduating from the
Officer Training School Mhow and fought against
Japanese forces in Burma in World War II. After Pakistan
gained its independence through a partition in 1947, Zia
joined the newly formed Pakistan Army as a Captain in
the Guides Cavalry Frontier Force Regiment. He also
served in 13th Lancers and 6 Lancers. He was trained in
the United States during 1962–1964 at the US Army
Command and General Staff College at Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas. After that, he returned to take
over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff
College, Quetta.[32]
During the Indo-Pakistani War of
1965, Zia is said to have been the Assistant
Quartermaster of the 101stInfantry Brigade.[33]
In 1966, Zia took over command of 22 Cavalry and later
was Col Staff of 1st Armoured Division.In 1972 he took
over command of 9 Armoured Brigade, 6th Armoured
Division By 1973, then Major General Zia was
commanding the 1st Armoured Division at Multan.[32]
He was then promoted as Lieutenant General and was
appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in
1975. On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali

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Bhutto approved then-three star rank general
Lieutenant-General Zia as Chief of Army Staff and to be
elevated to four-star rank.
This promotion was ahead of a number of more senior
officers.[35]
This promotion was highly controversial but
had political motives for Bhutto, who saw Zia as firmly
religious and an apolitical military figure who had
distaste of politics. This was the same motives and move
made by future Prime minister Nawaz Sharif who
promoted Pervez Musharraf based on his political
ambitious, as Chief of Army Staff, but met the same fate
as Bhutto in 1999 (although he was not executed).
Postponement of elections and call for accountability
After assuming power as Chief Martial Law
Administrator, Zia shortly appeared on national
television, PTV promising to hold new and neutral
parliamentary elections within the next 90 days[2]
My sole aim is to organise free and fair elections which
would be held in October this year. Soonafter the polls,
power will be transferredto the elected representatives
of the people.I give a solemnassurance that I will not
deviate from this schedule.
He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had not
been abrogated, but temporarily suspended. Zia did not
trust the civilian institutions and legislators to ensure the

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country's integrity and sovereigntytherefore, in October
1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral
plan and decided to start an accountability process for
the politicians. Zia's policy severely tainted his credibility
as many saw the broken promise as malicious. Another
motive was that Zia widely suspected that once out of
power the size of the Pakistan Peoples Party rallies would
swell and better performance in elections was possible
This led to request for postponement of elections by the
right-wing Islamists as well as left-wing socialists,
formerly allied with Bhutto, which displaced Bhutto in
the first place. Zia dispatched an intelligence unit, known
as ISI's Political Wing, sending Brigadier-General Taffazul
HussainSiddiqiui, to Bhutto's native Province, Sindh, to
assess whether people would accept martial law. Zia
successfully divided and separated the secular forces
from right-wing Islamists and conservatives, and later
purged each member of the secular front.
Appointment of Martial Law Administrators
After calling for martial law, Zia pressured President Fazal
Illahi to appoint Justice Sheikh Anwarul Haq to Chief
Justice of Pakistan on 23 September 1977.[57]
Immediately, chief justice Yaqub Ali was forcefully
removed from the office after the latter agreed to re-
hear the petition filed at the supreme court by the

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peoples party's chairwoman Nusrat Bhutto on 20
September 1977.[57]
After Justice Yaqub Ali's removal,
Bhutto objected to the inclusion of the new Chief Justice,
Sheikh Anwar-ul-Haq, as a chief justice of the Bench on
the grounds that by accepting the office of acting
president during the absence of Zia-ul-Haq from the
country, he had compromised his impartial status.[57]
The objection was over-ruled by the Chief Justice
Anwarul Haq, and the case of Bhutto was again heard by
the Chief Justice Anwar-ul-Haq as the bench's lead judge,
and presided the whole case of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto while
forcing the martial law throughout Pakistan.
Political structural changes
o Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora

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o Referendumof 1984
o 1985 elections and constitutionalamendments
o Economic policy
o Soviet-Afghan War and Strategic initiatives
o Soviet invasion and Soviet–Afghan War
o Consolidation of atomic bomb programme
o Nuclear diplomacy
o Nuclear proliferation
o Expansion
o International standing enhancement and resumption
of aid
o Fighting the war by proxy
o The war legacy
o Islamizationof Pakistan
o Hudood Ordinance
o Other sharia laws
o Blasphemyordinances
o Madrassa Expansions
o Welfare of the people with disabilities
o Dismissalof the Junejo government and call for new
elections.
Pervez mushrraf

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Introduction of Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf born 11 August 1943 is
a Pakistani politician and retired four-star army
general who was the tenth President of Pakistan from
2001 until tendering his resignation, to
avoid impeachment, in 2008.
Military services
In 1961, at age of 18,Musharraf entered the prestigious
Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul in 1964, Musharraf
graduated with a Bachelor's degree in his class of 29th
PMA Long Course together with Ali Kuli Khan and his

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lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza. He was commissioned in
the artillery regiment as second lieutenant and posted
near the Indo-Pakistan border.His first battlefield
experience was with an artillery regiment in the intense
fighting for Khemkaran sector in the Second Kashmir
War.
He completed the Professorship and military assignments
(1972–1990)
Chief of army staff and Chairman Joint Chiefs
Musharraf was in third-in line, and was well regarded by
the general public and the armed forces. He also had an
excellent academic standing from his college and
university studies.[49]
Musharraf was strongly favoured by
the Prime Ministers colleagues: a straight officer with
democratic views.[49]
Nisar Ali Khan and Shahbaz
Sharif recommended Musharraf and Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif personally promoted Musharraf to the rank
of four-star general to replace Karamat.
Political structural changes
o Constitutional changes
o 2002 general elections
o Presidency

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o Support for the War on Terror
o Relations with India and Saudi Arabia
o Nuclear scandals
o Corruption issues
o Domestic politics
o Women's rights
o Assassinationattempts
Suspension and reinstatement of the Chief Justice
On 9 March 2007, Musharraf suspended Chief
Justice Iftikhar MuhammadChaudhry and pressed
corruption charges against him. He replaced him with ally
Acting Chief Justice Javed Iqbal.
Musharraf's moves sparked protests among Pakistani
lawyers. On 12 March 2007, lawyers started a campaign
called Judicial Activism across Pakistan and began
boycotting all court procedures in protest against the
suspension.
Resignationfrom the Military
On 2 October 2007, Musharraf appointed General Tariq
Majid as Chairman Joint Chiefs Committee and approved
General AshfaqKayani as vice chief of the army starting 8
October. When Musharraf resigned from military on 28

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November 2007, Kayani became Chief of Army Staff.[154
Murder case investigation
On 25 June 2013, Musharraf was named as prime
suspect in two separate cases, first Benazir
Bhutto's assassinationand second being Akbar Bugti case
by Federal Investigation Agency for masterminding a
conspiracy to assassinations of Benazir Bhutto and Akbar
Bugti.
Comparison of the governess of zia ul
haq and Pervez mushrraf
Zia and mushraf both are the famous dictator in the
history of Pakistan. Both have some achievements and
also both have some drawbacks and downfalls. Here we
will compare the era of both of them.
Historical similarities not with standing, the two also
have personal, political, international response and their-
day geo-strategic concerns in common. No sooner than a
stunned international community had made up its mind
about ignoring Zia’s brutish regime that the ‘79 Soviet
invasion of Afghanistanplaced Islamabaddead in the
center of America’s most pressing problem, making Zia’s
Pakistan the most strategically viable partner-state for

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the decisive proxy battle against the ‘evil empire’ – the
fight againstCommunism.
Governmentstrategies Mushrraf Vs Zia
1-Just as Zia was allowed to punish, whip and hang
dissidents, prolong his rule with a farcical referendum
and scare all would-be opponents into ‘quietism’,
Musharraf was granted a similar yes-vote, the
presidency, a party of politically correct henchmen and
bounty-hunter generals that made the most of the
West’s compulsions in Afghanistan.
Ironically, like much of their likeness, their divergence
also stems from Afghanistan. Washingtonturned its back
on Zia after the latter achieved mission-accomplished,
where as Musharraf’s aid has now been tied to ‘doing
more’ after a glaring Taleban resurgence has reduced the
last half-decade’s efforts – and massivespending – to
naught.
2-Zia was the essential catalyst in the manufacture of the
jihadist doctrine, the life-blood of the Afghan
Mujahideen that engineered the Soviet downfall.
Musharraf mustnow end the chickens that have come
home to roost, root out hardline sentiment and tame

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religious seminaries whose products Regan once dubbed
‘the moral equivalent of our forefathers’.
3-At home, Zia rubbished anything and anybody in his
path while Musharraf struggles with diplomatic and
political nuances; Zia walked scot-free from eliminating
even the deposed PM, whereas Musharraf received flak
even for finishing off undesirable elements like Bugti; Zia
empowered and threw out whom he wanted, and
Musharraf partnered the MMA then and seeks to
befriend the PPP now for purely personal, survivAl
related issues.
4-We mustdiverge from the principal argument for a
moment to make a very important point. A democratic
polity has a relationship of mutual romance with a
country’s middle class – the pump-primers of the
economy, the central nervous system of the modern
nation state. The ballot-dependent center formulates
policies that cater to the working class’ aspirations for
votes that keep it in the corridors of power, a two-way
political lust that keeps the equation balanced. When
autocratic dispensations rely on forces other than the
vote to keep afloat, the relation is broken, and as
Pakistan’s example typifies, one man’s concerns take
priority over millions of people’s tax and survival
interests.

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5-In his final moments, Zia might have been too poisoned
(literally) to understand that corps-commander-
reshuffling and power-structure-shakeup can only last so
long, and that too many vested interests coupled with
nature’s balancing act take their toll, even if later rather
than sooner. Musharraf has the benefit of hindsight, yet
he chooses to sleepwalk into the same nightmare that
rubbished General Zia to the dustbin of history forever. If
he is smart, he will roll his next dice after Pakistan’s
upcoming general elections, and set a precedent of an
army man counting more on the people’s will than his
GHQ outreach.
6-In all fairness, Pakistan’s people are the poorer for
having to choose between corrupt democratic politicians
that the army is forced to eject and an army that has a
habit of overextending its invite. Invariably, it sucks more
blood than the mandated civilian leadership could even if
it were allowed its full five-year tenure. Ironically,
perhaps the greatest difference between generals Zia
and Musharraf is that while the former’s power lust
bolstered the army’s dominance-appetite and reinforced
the view that presidency-occupation is good for the
GHQ’s interests, the latter’s stint at the top may just
have made the corps commanders realise that politics is
a realm they might stay well clear of, if they want their

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reputation of being the country’s most dominant power
brokers from biting the dust – forever.
GDP Mrowth Mushraff Vs Zia
In Zia Era the increase in GDP growth rate was measured
6.27%per annum. 2nd aid episode. Public sector
enhanced its operations. Good growth. Improved
agriculture. Decline in quality of governance. Islamization
Rapid growth measured. 3rd episode of aid Better
governance. Devolution plans. Privatizations. Many other
infrastructural and developmental achievements.
Religious focus Mushraff Vs Zia
Zia’s Islamizationand Pakistan
He said that “There is no Better, Liberal, Progressive,
Progressive Ideology than Islam and there is no
difference between Islam and Democracy.”
(Zia-ul-Haq, March 23, 1988)
Unlike his predecessors, Zia was a religious personality.
He was not in favor of liberalization of Army and
Pakistan. It was clear from the interior secretary Roe dad
Khan’s statements.

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He stated “There had been military coups before”, so
observed “but now for the first time, a maulvi, a deeply
religious person was the Head of the State, the Head of
Government and the Army Chief – a frightening
combination”.
He further stated Zia was “determined to recreate the
Islamic legal and social order which had originated in the
tribal area more than a thousand years ago” (Khan,
1998).
Most of the West was of the view that Zia has “Wrapped
himself in cloak of religion” (Hayes, 1986)
Zia considered, Islam was the sole reason of creation of
Pakistan and country cannot survive without Islam. Zia
use Islam for not only enhancing his personal image
among massedof Pakistan but also to prolong his
regime.
The religious parties and entities especially “Sunni School
of thought” provided complete support to develop
“Islamization”of Zia. This whole scenario started
Sectarianism, religious extremism and created a
confused society in Pakistan.
Musharraf’s Secularismand Pakistani society

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He said “My Decision was based on the well-being of my
People and the best interests of country-Pakistan always
comes first” (Musharraf, 2006)
Musharraf the fourth dictator of Pakistan was totally
opposite to his last military fellow Zia-ul-Haq. He held a
complete different ideology about ruling and policies for
regime. Unlike Zia he did not prioritized Islam over all
other ideas.
Musharraf presented the idea of “State First” or in this
case “Pakistan First”.
He promoted the idea of national interest and
categorized religion and politics separately in all aspects.
Deeply inspired from Kamal Ataturk, Musharraf designed
his regime as per his policies. Musharraf wanted a liberal
and moderate state like modern Turkey where religion is
only the personal matter of individuals and state has
little role to play in it.
Policies of Two Dictators
Social Implications for Pakistan
Both Zia and Musharraf took mostly took steps and opt
policies on their personal emotions, motivations and
ideologies.

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The Cognitive maps of both dictators played vital role in
establishing their policies, type of governance, internal
infrastructures and means to prolong their regimes.
Although both authoritative rulers of Pakistan opted
totally opposite school of thoughts for running their rules
but both left very deep and long lasting implications for
Pakistan specifically at social level. Their ideologies had
opposite stances and both left their own marks on
Pakistani society. These marks are not only being left but
still prevailing and to large extend are at Dagger’s drawn
to each other.
Same Society,Two Worlds
The policies of these dictators have majorly affected the
ideologies of masses of Pakistan. One is holding the
“Islamization”of Zia and still believes on his type of
Sharia, Education system and judicial system while on
other hand the newly emerged “Liberals” of Musharraf’s
era have totally opposite way of thinking and
understanding of social infrastructure. They believe on
the Musharraf’s Liberal Islam, Technological and
Moderate education system. Pakistani society consists of
almost 20 corer individuals is widely apart. The gulf on
between both schools of thoughts is alarmingly
increasing. There is hardly any similarity between them.

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Both have differences from system of education to
ideology of Islam to treatment with women. Any effort to
reduce this relational gap is non-existent or very minimal
which is gravely alarming situation for stability of
Pakistan.
DevelopmentMushraff Vs Zia
Zia’s era
For General Zia, Islamisationof the economy, polity and
society of the country was more important than the
welfare of the people or socioeconomic development of
the country. As such he gave economic growth least
priority, yet some of the measures taken during his
regime are worth noting.
o Islamisationof Economy
o De-Nationalization
o Industrialization
o Corporatization
o Rural Development
o Exports Promotion

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GDP(gross domesticproduct) in the era of zia ul haq
Mushrraf’s era
Salvaged a near bankrupt economy and transformed it
into the four fastest growing economies in the Asian
region along with China, India and Vietnam.
Pakistan’s economy grew at an average rate of 7.0
percent per annum.

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The performance of large-scale manufacturing was
unparalleled in the country’s history. It grew at an
average rate of 11 percent per annum.
Services sector grew at an average rate of 6.0 percent
per annum.
Because of strong economic policies, Goldman Sachs a
global investment bank, included Pakistan in the
category of new emerging market (Next – 11) destined to
play a major role in the world economic setting.
Goldman Sachs extended their coverage from BRICs
(Brazil, Russia, India and China) to eleven emerging
economic powers including Pakistan, Korea, Mexico,
Vietnam, Turkey etc.
Pakistan’s per capita income doubled (from $ 526 in
1999-2000to $1085 in 2007-08). In other words, the
average income of Pakistani people more than doubled.
The size of the economy more than doubled (from $74
billion in 1999-2000to $170 billion in 2007-08)as well.

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GDP(gross domesticproduct) in the era of Mushrraf
Achievements of the government Mushrraf Vs Zia
Mushrraf’s achievements
 Empowerment of people through devolution at grass
roots level.
 Empowerment of Women at all tiers of government
/ legislature.
 Legislation againsthonour killings. Women
Protection Bill.
 Empowerment of minorities through joint electorate
as well as reserved seats.

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 Empowerment of younger generation by reducing
voter age from 21 to 18 years.
 Empowerment of media by allowing total freedom
to press and print media and flow of information.
 Empowerment of economy through wide ranging
economic reforms.
 Record allocations for science and technology,
education and health sectors. Emphasis on human
resource development.
 Free, Fair, Transparent and Peaceful Elections
Zia ’achievements
Preservation of Muslim identity of Pakistan as far as
alcohol westernization of nation is concerned. Bhutto
was destroying it.
o Containing Russia.
o Keeping India at bay.
o Completion of nuclear program of Pakistan.
o Prolonging of Afghan war till completion of nuclear
program and properly handling of Americans.
o Strengthening of Pakistan Army, strong auditing
system.

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o Cooperation with brotherly Muslim countries.
Specially Arab African and turkey.
Zia ul haq was died in plan crash and Pervez mushrraf
was suspended in the suspect of murder case by the
supreme court of Pakistan.
Conclusion
Both have did some great work and played a role in the
development of Pakistan as well as they both have some
drawbacks and downfalls.
References
Almond, G. A. (1950). The American people and foreign policy. New York:
Harcourt Brace.
Adil, A. (June, 2002). ‘Murder in God’s name, Newsline.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf