PROJECT ON POVERTY IN INDIA, ALSO CAN BE USED IN SOCIAL SCIENCE FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSE.

1. POVERTY IN INDIA

2. CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
RISHIK CHAUDHARY OF CLASS XI-A
HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED THE
RESEARCH ON THE PROJECT OF
POVERTY IN INDIA, UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MRS GURLEEN
RATAN, ENGLISH TEACHER, DURING
YEAR,2021-2022.

3. WHAT IS POVERTY
POVERTY IS THE STATE OF NOT HAVING ENOUGH MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS OR INCOME FOR A PERSON'S BASIC NEEDS.
POVERTY MAY INCLUDE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL
ELEMENTS. ABSOLUTE POVERTY IS THE COMPLETE LACK OF
THE MEANS NECESSARY TO MEET BASIC PERSONAL NEEDS,
SUCH AS FOOD, CLOTHING, AND SHELTER.

4. CAUSES OF POVERTY
(1) HIGH LEVEL OF UNEMPLOYMENT: THE URBAN
POOR OF INDIA ARE LARGLY THE OVERFLOW OF
THE RURAL AREAS WHO MIGRATE TO URBAN AREAS
IN SEARCH OF EMPLOYMENT AND A LIVELYHOOD.
BUT, INDUSTRIALIZATION HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO
ABSORB ALL THESE PEOPLE HENCE MOST OF THE
URBAN POOR ARE EITHER UNEMPLOYED
OR TEMPORARY EMPLOYED.

5. (2) LOW LEVWL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THE INDIAN ECONOMY IS
HIGHLY UNDERDEVELOPED DUE TO RELATIVE BACKWARDNESS OF
AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS. DUE TO WIDESPREAD
BOTTLENECK IN INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES AND SLOW PACE OF
DEVELOPMENT, NEARLY 25% OF POPULATION IS STILL LIVING BELOW THE
POVERTY LINE.
(3) POOR STATE OF AGRICULTURE: AGRICULTURE IN INDIA HAS
CONTINUED TO BE BACKWARD DUE TO THE USE OF PRIMITIVE METHODS OF
PRODUCTION AND FRAGMENTED SMALL LAND HOLDINGS. AS A RESULT
LABOUR AND LAND PRODUCTIVITY HENCE,FRAMERS LIVE IN A STATE OF
POVERTY.
(4) HIGH ILLITRACY RATE: THE WEAKER SECTION OF SOCIETYHAVE TO
TAKE UP LOW PAID UP JOBS DUE TO LACK OF KNOWLEDGE.THE SC AND ST
ARE NOT ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EMERGING EMPLOYMENT
OPPERTUNITIES AS THEY DO NOT THE NECESSARY KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL
TO DO SO.

6. (5) POPULATION EXPLOSION: RAPID GROWTHOF POPULATION, PARTICULARLY
AMONG THE POOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROBLEM OF POVERTY IN THE
COUNTRY.IT IS OBVIOUS THAT WHEN THE TOTAL NATIONAL INCOME IS
THINLY SPREAD OVER A LARGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE,THE PER CAPITA
INCOKME IS BOUND TO BE LOW.
(6) HIGH LEVEL OF INDEBTNESS: UNEMPLOMENT OR
UNDEREMPLOYMENT AND THE CASUAL NATURE OF WORK COMPELLS
PEOPLE TO BORROWMONEY,THAT TOO AT A HIGHER INTREST RATES. SUCH
INDEBTNESS IS ONE OF THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS OF POVERTY.
(7) INEQUALITIES OF INCOME: THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF
INCOME AND ASSETS HAS ALSO LEAD TO THE PERSISTANCE OF POVERTY IN
INDIA.
(8) INFLATION: THE STEEP AND CONTINUOUS RISE IN PRICES,
PARTICULARY OF ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES HAS ADDED TO THE MISERIES
OF THE POOR.

7. POVERTY ALLEVATION PROGRAMES
IN INDIA
LET US DISCUSS THE VARIOUS"SELF EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES" AND
"WAGE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES" INITIATED BY THE GOVERNMENT.
SELF-EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES-
SOME OF THE SELF-EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES INTIATED BY THE GOVRMENT ARE:
(1) RURAL EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMME(REGP):THIS PROGRAMMES
WAS STARTED BY THE GOVERNMENT TO CREATE SELF-EMPLOYMENT OPPERTUNITIES IN THE
RURAL AREAS AND SMALL TOWNS. IT WAS IMPLEMENTED BY KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTERIES
COMMISION.UNDER THIS PROGRAMME,ONE COULD GET FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN THE FORM
BANK LOANS TO DSET UP SMALL INDUSTRIES.

8. (2) PRIME MINISTER'S ROZGAR YOJANA(PMRY):UNDER THIS PROGRAMME,THE
,EDUCATED UNEMPLOYED FROM LOW INCOME FAMILIES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS WERE
GIVEN FINANCIAL HELP TO SET UP ANY KIND OF ENTERPRISE THAT GENERATES EMPLOYMENT.
'PMRY' ATTEMPTED TO GENERATE EMPLOYMENT BY SETTING UP 7 LAKH MICRO-ENTERPRISES
DURING EIGHTH PLAN(1992-97). BY 2003-04,3 MILLION PEOPLE GOT EMPLOYMENT UNDER
THIS SCHEME.
(3)SWARNA JAYANTI SHAHRI ROZGAR YOJANA (SJSRY): SJSRY MAINLY AIMS AT
CREATING EMPLOMENT OPPERTUNITIES FOR BOTHSELF-EMPLOYMENTAND WAGE
EMPLOYMENT IN URBAN AREAS. THIS PROGRAMME SEEKS TO PROVIDE GAINFUL
EMPLOYMENT THROUGH ENCOURAGING THE SETTING UP OF SELF-EMPLOYMENT VENTURES
OR PROVISION OF WAGE EMPLOYMENT.
(4)SWARNJAYANTI GRAM SWROZGAR YOJANA(SGSY): SGSY AIMS AT PROMOTING
MICRO-ENTERPRISES AND TO BRING THE ASSISSTED POOR FAMILIES(SWAROGARIS) ABOVE
THE POVERTY LINE,BY ORGANIZING THEM INTO SELF-HELP GROUPS(SHG's). PEOPLE WHO
WISH TO BENEFIT FROM THIS SCHEME, ARE ENCOURAGED TO FORM SELF HEP
GROUPS(SHG's).

9. WAGE EMPLOYMENT PROGRAMMES
THE GOVERNMENT HAS LAUNCHED VARIOUS PROGRAMMES TO
GENERATE WAGE EMPLOYMENT AMONG RURAL PEOPLE,SOME OF
THEM ARE AS FOLLOWS-
(1)SAMPOORNA GRAMEEN ROZGAR YOJANA(SGRY):
THE SCHEME AIMS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENTARY
WAGE EMPLOYMENT BY UNDERTAKING LABOURINTENSIVE
WORK, THEREBY PROVIDING FOOD SECURITY AND INCREASING
NUTRITIONAL LEVES. WAGES WERE PAID AS A COMBINATION OF
FOOD GRAINS AND CASH.

10. (2)NATIONAL FOOD FOR WORK PROGRAMME(NFFPW): THIS
PROGRAMME WAS LAUNCHED IN 2004 WITH THE OBJECTIVE OF
INTENSIFYING THE GENERATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY WAGE
EMPLOYMENT.
(a)NFFPW WAS INITIALLY IMPLEMENTED IN 150 MOST BACKWARD
DISTRICTS OF THE COUNTRY, TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
APART FROM THE RESOURCES AVAILABLE UNDER'SGRY'.
(b) THIS PROGRAMME WAS INCORPORATED IN MAHATMA GANDHI
NATIONALRURAL EMPLOYMENT GURANTEE ACT(MNREGA) IN 2005.
(c) THE PROGRAMME WAS IMPLEMENTED AS A 100% CENTRALLY
SPONSORED SCHEME.
(d) ALL THOSE AMONG THE POOR WHO ARE READY TO WORK AT THE
MINIMUM WAGE, CAN REPORT FOR WORK IN AREAS, WHERE THIS
PROGRAMME IS IMPLEMENTED.

11. WHO ARE
POOR ?
POVERTY IS A CURSE ON
HUMANITY. A POOR PERSON
LIVES A WRETCHED LIFE AS HE
IS UNABLE TO ENJOY THE
BAREST NECESSARIES OF LIFE,
WHICH MAKES HIM MORALLY
DEGRADED. HE CANNOT
CONDUCT HIMSELF AS A
HUMAN BEING. THE
TREATMENT, THAT HE
GETSFROM THE SOCIETY,
DEMORALISES HIM. POVERTY IS
A HARSH REALITY FOR A LARGE
SECTION OF THE INDIAN
POPULATION.

12. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
OF POOR PEOPLE:
(1) HUNGER,STARVATION AND MALNUTRION: STARVATION AND HUNGER
ARE THE BASIC PROBLEMS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS. MALNUTRTION IS ALARMINGLY
HIGH AMONG THE POOR.
(2) POOR HEALTH: THEY ARE GERNALLY PHYSICALLY WEAK DUE TO ILL
HEALTH,DISABILITY OR SERIOUS ILLENESS. THEIR CHILDREN ARE LESS LIKELY TO
SURVIVE OR BE BORN HEALTHY.
(3) LIMITED ECONOMIC OPPERTUNITIES: THEY HAVE A VERY LIMITED
ECONOMIC OPPERTUNITIES DUE TO LACK OF LITERACY AND SKILLS. SO, THEY FACE
UNSTABLE EMPLOYMENT. THEY ARE NOT ABLE TO NEGOTIATE THEIR LEAGAL
WAGES FROM EMPLOYERS AND EXPLOITED.

13. (4) DEBT TRAP: THEY BORROW FROM MONEY LENDERS, WHO CHARGE HIGH
RATES OF INTREST, THAT PUSH THEM INTO CHRONIC INDEBTNESS.
(5) LACK OF FACILITIES OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER: MOST POOR
HOUSEHOLDS DO NOT ACESS TO ELECTRICITY. THEIR PRIMARY COOKING FUEL
IS FIREWOOD AND COW DUNG CAKE. A LARGE SECTION OF POOR PEOPLE DO
NOT HAVE EVEN ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER.
(6) GENDER INEQUALITY: GENDER INEQUALITY PREVAILSWITHIN THE
FAMILY REGARD TO PARTICIPATION OF GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION
AND IN DECISION MAKING. POOR WOMEN RECEIVE LESS CARE ON THEIR WAY
TO MOTHERHOOD.
(7) BIGGER FAMILIES: THE POOR FAMILIES ARE BIGGER IN SIZE, WHICH
MAKE THEIR ECONMIC CONDITION WORSE.

14. BIBLOGRAPHY
SOURCES-
(1) CLASS 12TH ECONOMIS NCERT
(2) WWW.google.com
(3) WWW.Binge. Com.

15. THANKS FOR WATCHING
BY -
RISHIK CHAUDHARY
CLASS:12TH-A
ROLL NO.-25