Lecture 6 - Industrial Wastewater.pptx

Lecture 6: Industrial wastewater

2
Industrial wastewater
Learning targets
 Understanding of water quantities and qualities of
different industries
 Understanding of wastewater quantities and qualities
of different industries
 Environmental, health and legal issues related to
industrial water and wastewater

3
Contents
 Introduction
 Types of industrial wastewater
 Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries
 Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

4
Introduction
 Types of wastewater

5
Introduction
 Sources of Industrial wastewater
Industry
wastewater
Food industry
Iron and steel industry
Mining industry
Agriculture
industry

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Introduction
 Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)
0.7 0.1 0.6 1.9 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.1
94.6
0.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bulgaria

7
Introduction
2.9 0.5 0.6 7.7 0 0 0.9 0
87.3
0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Lithuania

8
Introduction
1 0.1 1.2 5.1 0.5 0 0.8 0.1
90.6
0.7
0
20
40
60
80
100
Poland

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Introduction
10.4
1.5
31.4
24.5
15.5
1.6
12.8
0 0.4 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Slovenia

10
Introduction
0.6 0 0.1 0.4 1.1 0.1 0.3 0
97.1
0.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Serbia

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Introduction
 Water usage in
industry
 Water consumption
of per ton product in
water-intensive
industry
(300 m3/ton)
(15 m3/ton)
(40 m3/ton)
(10~300 m3/ton)
(270m3/ton)
(20~60 m3/ton )
(1000 m3/ton)
(0.6~20 m3/ton )

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Introduction
 Characteristics of wastewater
 Physical characteristics
 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
• Indicates the salt content
 Total solids (TS)
• Mass remain after evaporation at 103-105℃

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Introduction
• Physical characteristics
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• Comprise inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter
dissolved in water
 Suspended solids (SS)
• Comprises solid particles suspended (but not dissolved)in water

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Introduction
• Chemical characteristics
 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Indicates the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to
decompose the organic matter in a sample of water in a defined time
period.

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Introduction
 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Indicates the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a
sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.

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Introduction
 Total Organic Compound (TOC)
 NH4-N and NO3-N
• Show dissolved nitrogen.
 Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen
• A measurement of organically-bound ammonia nitrogen.
 Total-P
• Reflects the amount of all forms of phosphorous in a sample.

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Introduction
 Characteristics of Industrial wastewater
 Vary from industry to industry, vary from process to process.
 Have too high quality of suspended solids, dissolved
organics and inorganic solids, BOD, alkalinity or acidity
 Cannot always be treated easily by the normal method of
treating domestic wastewater

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Types of industrial wastewater
 Inorganic industrial wastewater
 Organic industrial wastewater.

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 Inorganic industrial wastewater
 Is produced mainly in the coal and steel industry, in the
nonmetallic minerals industry, and in commercial enterprises
and industries for the surface processing of metals.
 Contain a large proportion of suspended matter, which can
be eliminated by sedimentation.

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 Organic industrial wastewater
 Is produced mainly in chemical industries and large-scale
chemical works, which mainly use organic substances for
chemical reactions.
 Contain organic substances having various origins and
properties.
 Can only be removed by special pretreatment of the
wastewater, followed by biological treatment.

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Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries
 Important pollutants in industrial wastewater
• Suspended solids
 Lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic
conditions.
• Organic Substances
 Deplete DO of stream and impose great load on secondary
treatment unit.

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• Inorganic substances
 Cause eutrophication of water bodies, increase dissolved solids
content and be harmful to aquatic life.
• Acids and alkalies
 Affect the aquatic life of receiving water body and cause serious
problem in operation of treatment units.

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• Toxic Substances
 Cause problems in the biological treatments.
• Color producing substances
 Impart objectionable color in the receiving water bodies
• Oils
 Hinder self purification and cause problem in oxygen diffusion

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Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
 Water Pollutants in the Industrial Sector
Sector Pollutants
Iron and steel BOD, COD, oil, metals, acids, phenols, and cyanide
Textiles and leather BOD, solids, sulfates and chromium
Pulp and paper BOD, COD, solids, Chlorinated organic compounds
Petrochemicals and refineries BOD, COD, oils, , phenols, and chromium
Chemicals COD, organic chemicals, heavy metals, SS, and cyanide
Non-ferrous metals Fluorine and SS
Microelectronics COD, and organic chemicals
Mining SS, metals, acids and salts

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industries
 Food industry
• Freshwater consumption in beverage and food industries.
(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F.2015.)
Food industry Water consumption (%)
Meat processing 24
Beverages 13
Dairy 12
Fruits and vegetables 10
Bakery and tortilla products 9
Grain and oilseeds 9

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industries
 Food industry
• Freshwater consumption in beverage and food industries.
Food industry Water consumption (%)
Sugar and confectionary 5
Animal food 5
Seafood 2
Other food 11
(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F. 2015.)

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industries
 Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of slaughterhouse wastewater
Parameter pH BOD
mg·L-1
COD
mg·L-1
TN
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
TP
mg·L-1
Range 4.9-8.1 150-4635 500-15900 50-841 270-6400 25-200
Mean 6.95 1209 4221 427 1164 50
(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F.2015.)

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industries
 Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of diary industry wastewater
Wastewater
source
pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Total N
mg·L-1
Total P
mg·L-1
Creamery 8-11 2000-6000 1200-4000 350-1000 50-60 --
Mixed dairy 3.35-11 1150-63100 -- 304-12500 14-272 8-68
Cheese whey -- 61000-68814𝑎 -- 1780a 980-1462a 379-510a
Cheese 4.7-9.5 1000-7500 588-500 500-2500 830a 280a
Fluid Milk 5.0-9.5 950-2400 500-1300 90-450 -- --
Milk
powder/butter
5.8 2.0𝑎 -- -- -- --
(Demirel, B.,2005 .)
aMean concentrations

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industries
 Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of brewery wastewater
pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Total N
mg·L-1
Total P
mg·L-1
4.5-12 2000-6000 1200-3600 200-1000 25-80 10-50
(Jaiyeola, A.T.2016 .)

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industries
 Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil/gas field wastewater
Wastewater
source
pH COD
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Total
oil
mg·L-1
Chloride
mg·L-1
Sulfate
mg·L-1
Calcium
mg·L-1
Magnesium
mg·L-1
Oil field 4-10 0-1200 1-
1000
2-565 80-
2000000
2-1650 13–
25,800
8–6000
Gas field 3-7 2600-
120000
8-
5484
-- 1400-
190000
<0.1-47 <51300 0.9–4300
(Munirasu, S.2016.)

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industries
 Oil industry
Wastewater
source
Iron
mg·L-1
Aluminum
mg·L-1
Boron
mg·L-1
Barium
mg·L-1
Lithium
mg·L-1
Lead
mg·L-1
Arsenic
mg·L-1
Mercury
mg·L-1
Oil field <0.1–
100
310–410 5-95 1.3–
650
3–50 0.002
–8.8
<0 <0.002
Gas field <1100 <0.5–83 <56 <1–
1740
18.6–
235
<0.2–
10
<151 --
(Munirasu, S.,2016 .)

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industries
 Oil industry
Wastewater
source
Cadmium
mg·L-1
Chromium
mg·L-1
Copper
mg·L-1
Manganese
mg·L-1
Strontium
mg·L-1
Zinc
mg·L-1
Oil field <0.005–0 0.02–1. <0.002–
105
<0.004–175 0.02–1000 0.01–35
Gas field <0.02–1.2 <0.03 <5 <63 <6200 <0.02–5
(Munirasu, S.,2016 .)

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industries
 Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil refinery wastewater
Wastewater
source
COD
mg·L-1
SS
mg·L-1
Phenols
mg·L-1
Benzene
mg·L-1
Sulphides
mg·L-1
Ammonia
mg·L-1
Desalter 400–1000 <500 10-100 5-15 <100 <100
Sour water 600–1200 <10 <200 0 <10 <100
Tank bottom 400–1000 <500 -- -- <100 --
Cooling tower <150 <200 -- -- -- --
(Munirasu, S.,2016.)

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industries
 Pulp and paper (P&P) industry
• Major pollutants released from P&P making process
(Kamali, M.2014 .)
Processes
Raw material preparation Suspended solids including bark particles, fiber pigments, dirt,
grit, BOD, and COD.
Pulping Color, bark particles, soluble wood materials, resin acids, fatty
acids, AOX, VOCs, BOD, COD, and dissolved inorganics.
Bleaching Dissolved lignin, color, COD, carbohydrate, inorganic chlorines,
AOX, EOX, VOCs, chlorophenols, and halogenated
hydrocarbons.
Paper-making Particulate wastes, organic and inorganic compounds, COD,
and BOD.

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industries
 Pulp and paper industry
• Typical pollution loads of pulp and paper industry wastewater
Unit operations pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD5
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Wood yard and chipping 7 1275 556 7150
Thermo-mechanical pulping 4.0–4.2 3343–4250 _ 330-510
Chemical thermo-mechanical pulping 7.43 7521 3000 350
Kraft cooking section 13.5 1669.7 460 40
Pulping process operations 5.5 9065 2440 1309
(Kamali, M.2014 .)

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industries
 Pulp and paper industry
• Typical pollution loads of pulp and paper industry wastewater
Unit operations pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD5
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Paper machine 6.5 1116 64 645
Integrated pulp and paper mill 6.5 3791 1197 1241
Recycled paper mill 6.2–7.8 3380–4930 1650–2565 1900-3138
(Kamali, M. 2014.)

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industries
 Textile wastewater
 The textile industry's main concern is the quantity of effluent
generated and the high chemical load it contains. The most
significant environmental impacts are caused by: salts,
detergents and organic acids.

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industries
 Major pollutants
involved at various
stages of a textile
manufacturing
(Sarayu, K. 2012and .)
Yarn waste , used
Starch-based
sizes
Enzymes , starch ,
Waxes , ammonia
Sizing
Disinfectants an
Insecticides
residues ,
NaOH ,
surfactants ,
soaps
H2O2 , AOX ,
NaOCl ,organics
High BOD , medium COD
BOD(34-50% of total),
high COD , temp.(70-
80℃)
Oily fats , BOD(30% of
total), high pH ,
temp.( 70-80℃)
dark colour .
High pH , TDS
Desizing
Scouring
Bleaching
Constituents Process Wastewater characteristics

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industries
 Major pollutants
involved at various
stages of a textile
manufacturing
(Sarayu, K. 2012and .)
Urea , solvents ,
colour , mentals
High BOD ,high pH
suspended solids
NaOH
Chlorinated
compounds,
resins，spent
solvents ,
softeners , waxes ,
acetate
Colour , metals ,
sulphide , salts ,
acidity/alkalinity ,
formaldehyde
Finishing
Mercerization
Printing
High toxicity , BOD(6% of
total), high dissolved
solids , high pH
High toxicity , high COD .
high BOD , high dissolved
solids , high pH ,strong
colour
Low alkalinity . low
BOD , high toxicity
Dyeing
Process
Constituents Wastewater characteristics

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industries
• Typical pollution loads of textile wastewater
(Sarayu, K.2012.)
Industries pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD5
mg·L-1
TSS
mg·L-1
Chloride
mg·L-1
Sulfate
mg·L-1
Phenol
mg·L-1
Oil and
grease
mg·L-1
Composites
industries
5.5-
11.0
600-
1400
350-600 300-500 700-
1200
300-
700
0.5-2.0 5-15
Processing
industries
7.0-
8.5
470-
900
230-450 300-500 300-900 200-
1000
0.5-2.0 5-10
Woolen
industries
7.0-
11.0
220-
700
160-350 160-380 - - - -

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industries
 Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes
 Chemical Synthesis Process
Organic Solvents
or Water
Cooling
water in
Solvent
Vapors
Water
Scrubber Wastewater
Wastewater
Reaction
Vessel
Evaporator
Solvent
Purification Evaporation
Active
Ingredient
(API)
To
Compounding
＆
Formulation
Cooling
water out
Sludge Solvent
Recovery
Chemicals

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industries
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes
 Fermentation Process
 A biochemical process involving the use of Baker’s yeast, lactic
acid bacillus, bacillus sp., and various other microorganisms to
produce a chemical product.

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industries
• Typical pollution loads of pharmaceutical industry
wastewater
Processes pH COD
mg·L-1
BOD5
mg·L-1
TKN
mg·L-
1
NH4-N
mg·L-1
TDS
mg·L-1
Chloride
mg·L-1
Sulfate
mg·L-1
Chemical
processes
3.9-9.2 375−
32500
200−6000 165−
770
148−363 675−
9320
760−
4200
890−
1500
Fermentation
processes
3.3−11 180−
12380
25−6000 190−
760
65.5−190 1300−
28000
182−
2800
160−
9000

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Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater
 Industrial wastewater pollution
• Use of outdated technologies
 Some industries still rely on old technologies to produce products
that generate large amount of wastewater.
• Presence of large number of small scale industries
 Many small scale industries and factories often escape environment
regulations and discharge wastewater without inefficacy.

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wastewater
• Unplanned industrial growth
 In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took place wherein
those companies do not provide proper waste disposal sites and
disregard for pollution control rules and norms, which lead to water
pollution.

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wastewater
• Lack of strict policies
 Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement drive, resulted in
mass scale pollution that affected lives of many people.
• Inefficiency wastewater treatment
 Not treated adequately before discharging it into rivers or lakes.

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wastewater
 Difficulty to treat industrial wastewater
• Vary characteristics
 Characteristics of industrial wastewater highly varied from different
process. And the pollutants is complex.
• Poor management
• Lack of investment
 Some enterprises do not invest enough to maintain the long-term
stable operation.

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wastewater
 Design of industrial wastewater treatment processes
• Developing the most suitable treatment processes.
• The water allocation in order to minimize the treatment cost
• Optimization of the wastewater treatment by enough
experimental data and evaluation of the performance of the
wastewater treatment units.

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Questions
 What is the industrial wastewater?
 What are the types of industrial wastewater?
 What are the problems associated with various
industrial wastewater?

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Reference
 Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F. and Mehrvar, M., 201Slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics,
treatment, and management in the meat processing industry: A review on trends and
advances. Journal of environmental management, 161, pp.287-302
 Demirel, B., Yenigun, O. and Onay, T.T., 200Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a review.
Process Biochemistry, 40(8), pp.2583-2595
 Jaiyeola, A.T. and Bwapwa, J.K., 2016. Treatment technology for brewery wastewater in a
water-scarce country: A review. South African Journal of Science, 112(3-4), pp.1-8
 Munirasu, S., Haija, M.A. and Banat, F., 2016. Use of membrane technology for oil field and
refinery produced water treatment—A review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,
100, pp.183-202
 Kamali, M. and Khodaparast, Z., 201Review on recent developments on pulp and paper mill
wastewater treatment. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 114, pp.326-342
 Sarayu, K. and Sandhya, S., 201Current technologies for biological treatment of textile
wastewater–a review. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 167(3), pp.645-661

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Thank you for your attention!

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