2. Definition of Anemia
• Reduction of Hemoglobin concentration or red blood
cells volume below the range of values occuring in
healthy persons.
• Anemia can be functionally defined as an insufficient
RBC mass to adequately deliver oxygen to peripheral
tissues.
3. History
• Duration of symptoms?
• Onset- insidious/acute?
• Family history- bleeding,
jaundice, gallstones,
splenectomy?
• Travel to- malarious/
infectious areas?
• Drug history?
• Dietary history?
• Surgery done in the past?
• Change in stool habits?
• Adolscent girls- menstrual
history?
• Associated fever?
• Pain in limbs, parasthesia,
difficulty in walking?
• Colour of urine?
• Bruises, ecchymoses and
petechiae?
• Symptoms s/o chronic
disease or infection?
5. CLINICAL EFFECTS OF ANEMIA
General-
• decreased work / exercise tolerance
• shortness of breath
• palpitation
Cardiopulmonary features-
• Insidious + no cardiopulmonary disease- effective
physiological adjustment.
• Insidious + cardiopulmonary disease- dyspnea, awareness of
vigorous rapid heart action at rest.
• Rapid development of anemia- shortness of breath,
tachycardia, dizziness/faintness (arising from sitting position),
extreme fatigue.
6. Pallor-
• Grades of pallor-
Severe pallor- palmar creases become faint and
pale
Moderate pallor- paleness of mucosa but pink hue
of the palmar crease is maintained.
• Sallow colour- chronic anemia
• Lemon yellow- pernicious anemia
• Definite pallor + mild scleral and cutaneous
icterus- hemolytic anemia
• Marked pallor + petechiae + ecchymosis- bone
marrow failure
12. Signs & symptoms and diagnosis
• Anemia
• No lymph nodes
• No hepatosplenomegaly
• No petechiae/ ecchymosis
Nutritional
Pure red cell aplasia
Thalassemia trait
Lead poisoning
Renal disease
13. • Anemia
• With petechiae, lymphadenopathy and
hepatosplenomegaly
Leukemia
Infections
DIC
14. • Anemia
• With hepatosplenomegaly
Thalassemia
Liver disorder
15. • Anemia
• No lymph nodes
• No hepatosplenomegaly
• With petechiae and ecchymosis
Aplastic anemia
Bleeding disorder
Coagulation diorder
ITP
DIC