3. What is Algebra ?
o Algebra is one of the broad parts of mathematics,
together with number theory , geometry and
analysis.
o As such, it includes everything from elementary
equation solving to the study of obstractions each
such as groups, rings and fields.
o Elementary algebra is essential for any study of
mathematics, science or engineering, as well as such
applications as medicine and economics.
4. oThe more basic parts of algebra are called elementary
algebra , the more abstract parts are called abstract
algebra or modern algebra.
oMuch early work in algebra, as the origin of its name
suggests, was done in the Near East , by such mathematics
as Omar Khayyam (1050-1123).
oThe word algebra is also used in certain specialized ways. A
special kind of mathematical object in abstract algebra is
called an “algebra “, and the word is used, for example, in
the phrases linear algebra and algebraic topology.
oA mathematician who does research in algebra in algebra is
called an algebraist.
5. Why Algebra is important in your
life ?
o Mathematics is one of the first things you learn in life.
Even as a baby you learn to count. Starting from that tiny
age you will start to learn how to use building blocks how
to count and then move on to drawing objects and
figures. All of these things are important preparation to
doing algebra.
6. Algebra in day-to-day life
You use algebra all the time in real life. It might not happen to involve
numbers, but the skills are still there. Say you get home from school
one day and you can’t find your key. How would you get into your
house? You’d probably do some version of turning the problem around,
maybe check the windows to se if you could get in that way, and maybe
retrace your steps ton see if you dropped your keys somewhere.
Eventually, something would work out, and you’d figure out a way to
get into your house.
7. Uses of Algebra
❖Most of use algebra everyday – simple problems that we
“do in our heads”. For instance, say you have $20 and you
go to store. The store is having a “buy one and get one at
half price” sale. How do you figure out what you can buy ?
There’s an equation for that.
❖Like when we are playing games also we use algebra.
Pointing from where to start and where to end.
9. Egyptian Algebra
❖Earliest finding from the Rhind Papyrus written
approx. 1650 B.C.
❖Solve algebra problems equivalent to linear
equations.
❖Algebra was rhetorical – use of no symbols
❖Problems were stated and solved verbally.
❖Cairo Papyrus ( 300 B.C. ) – solve system of 2
degree equation .
10. Babylonian Algebra
❖Babylonians were more advanced than
Egyptians.
❖Like Egyptians, algebra was also rhetorical.
❖Could solve quadratic equation.
❖Method of solving problems was rhetorical,
taught through examples.
❖No explanations to findings were given.
❖Recognized on positive rational number.
11. Aryabhata & Brahmagupta
❖1st
century CE from India.
❖Developed a syncopated algebra.
❖Ya stood for he main unknown and their words for
colors stood for other
unknowns.
12. o19th
century
o British mathematics explored vectors, matrices,
transformations, etc.
oGalois (French, 1811 – 1832 )
oDeveloped the concept of a group (set of operations
with a single operations
with a single operation which satisfies three axioms)
oCayley (British , 1821-1895)
oDeveloped the algebra of matrices
oGibbs (American, 1839-1903)
oDeveloped vectors in three dimensional space