Occupational safety and health (OSH), also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational health, or occupational safety, is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work (i.e. in an occupation). These terms also refer to the goals of this field, so their use in the sense of this article was originally an abbreviation of occupational safety and health program/department etc.

1. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PRACHI DESSAI, DON BOSCO COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
1

2. PROTECTING EMPLOYEES FROM
WORKPLACE HAZARDS
 Employers must protect employees from workplace hazards and dangerous work procedures that can
cause injury, illness and fatalities.
 Employers must:
 Use all feasible engineering and work practice controls to eliminate and reduce hazards
 Then use appropriate PPE if these controls do not eliminate hazards
 Remember: PPE is the last control
 Should be provided free of cost
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 2

3. EMPLOYER REASSESSMENT
Physical hazards include:
 Sources of motion
 Sources of high and low temperatures
 Sources of light radiation
 welding
 brazing
 high intensity lights
 Sources of falling objects
 Sources of sharp objects
 Sources of rolling or pinching objects
 Sources of electric hazards
 Sources of slip, trips, and falls
 Sources of harmful dusts
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 3

4. TRAINING
Employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the
regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to
illness or injury.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 4

5. TYPES OF PPE
 Head protection
 Eye and Face protection
 Hearing protection
 Arm and Hand protection
 Foot and Leg protection
 Protective clothing
 Respiratory protection
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 5

6. HEAD PROTECTION
Danger of
 head injury from impact
 falling or flying objects
 electrical shock and burns
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 6

7. IS THIS AN APPROPRIATE
HARD HAT?
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 7

8. TYPES OF HARD HATS
 Type I : impact resulting from a blow only to the top of the head.
 Type II: force of lateral impact resulting from a blow which may
be received off-center, from the side, or to the top of the head.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 8

9. ROLES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
COLOR:
 White – Managers, engineers, foremen or supervisors
 Blue – Carpenters, technical advisers, and temp workers
 Red – Fire Fighters
 Green – Safety inspector, but occasionally used for new
workers
 Gray – Site Visitors
 Yellow – General laborers and earth-moving operators
 Brown – Welders and workers for high heat applications
 Orange – Road crews, new employees, or visitors.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 9

10. CLASSES OF HARD HATS
 Class E (electrical)
 Tested to withstand 20,000 volts
 Class G (general)
 Tested to withstand 2,200 volts
 Class C (conductive)
 Provides no electrical protection
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 10

11. TYPES OF EYE/FACE HAZARDS
 Impact
 Heat
 Chemicals
 Dust
 Light and/or Radiation
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 11

12. WHY EYE PROTECTION IS IMPORTANT?
Thousands of people are blinded each year from
work related eye injuries. Injuries that could have
been prevented, if only people would have used
eye
or face protection.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 12

13. EYE / FACE PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 13

14. EYE PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 14
 Common Uses:
 Impact Protection
 Chemical Hazards
 Radiation Protection
 welder’s goggles
 laser goggles
 UV
 Infrared

15. EYE / FACE PROTECTION
Elimination or Control of Hazards
 Machine Guards
 Many types of machines such as lathes,
grinders, and sanders are equipped
with guards, shields and screens
 Work Area Barriers
 Operations such as sanding, grinding,
welding, and lathe operations produce
dust, vapors, and flying particles. To
protect other workers, work area
barriers such as movable screens and
barriers should be set up to separate
workers and bystanders from
hazardous operations
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 15

16. EYE PROTECTION
Safety Glasses
 much stronger and more resistant to impact
and heat than regular glasses
 equipped with side shields that give you
protection from hazards that may not be
directly in front of you
 Safety glasses should be Z-87 approved to
meet OSHA regulations
 Should fit comfortable on face through all
job tasks. Ensure that glasses are not too big
or too tight
 Limitation
 Does not seal around eyes, could allow
small droplets to come in contact with
eyes
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 16

17. EYE PROTECTION
Goggles
 surround the eye area, they give you more
protection in situations where you might
encounter splashing liquids, fumes, vapors,
powders, dusts, and mists
 must indicate that they are chemical splash
goggles to be worn for that purpose
 Limitation
 Uncomfortable to wear with other head
gear like helmet, ear muffs or respirator
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 17

18. EYE / FACE PROTECTION
 Face Shields
 full face protection
 used around operations which expose you to
molten metal, chemical splashes, or flying
particles
 Can be used simultaneously as a hard hat
 Limitations
 Are not considered eye protection, will
need to wear goggles or glasses
underneath
 Can fog up if working in poorly
ventilated area
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 18

19. EYE / FACE PROTECTION
 Welding Helmets
 provide both face and eye protection
 use special absorptive lenses that filter the
intense light and radiant energy that is
produced during welding operations
 Limitations
 Heavy and hot, fog up
 Must wear safety glasses or goggles
underneath helmet
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 19

20. EYE PROTECTION
Care of Eye Protection Equipment
 Clean your eye protection equipment. You can usually use mild soap and water
 Never use abrasive soaps, rough paper, or cloth towels
 Keep PPE in good working condition
 If damaged, replace as soon as possible
 Store your eye protection equipment in a sanitary, cool, dry area away from moisture
 Read the manufacturer's directions and warnings before using any eye protection equipment
 If you have any questions concerning your eye protection equipment, talk with your supervisor or
safety manager
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 20

21. HEARING PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 21

22. HEARING PROTECTION BASICS
 Noise induced hearing loss can occur with
exposures >90 dBA
 A hearing conservation program becomes a
requirement at exposures >85dBA
 Higher levels of noise exposure have shorter
allowable exposure times
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 22

23. TYPES OF PPE
 Exposure to noise levels over 85 dB can cause
hearing loss
 Hearing protection required at 90 dB
 Implement effective Hearing Conservation
 Program
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 23

24. NOISE LEVELS VERSUS DURATION
Sound Level (dBA)
90
92
95
100
105
110
115
Exposure (hours)
8
6
4
2
1
0.5
0.25
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 24

25. HEARING PROTECTION
25
EAR MUFFS EAR PLUGS
CANAL CAPS FOAM EAR PLUGS
Ear Muffs - more expensive, more durable, typically higher NRRs than plugs, more obvious
Canal Caps -Canal caps have flexible tips that act as caps which plug the ear canal. They DO NOT extend into the ear canal,
only close the ear opening.
Ear Plugs - less expensive, disposable, good ones have fairly high
Foam Ear Plugs - sometimes difficult to tell if employees are wearing them

26. HEARING PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 26

27. ARM AND HAND PROTECTION
 Chemical protection
 Biohazard protection
 Abrasion protection
 Friction protection
 Protection from extremes of heat and cold
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 27

28. GLOVES
 No glove is good against all hazards
 Gloves have a finite lifespan and must be
periodically replaced
 When donning gloves, examine them for signs of
tears, cracks, holes and dry rot
 Hands should always be washed after removing
gloves
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 28

29. GLOVES -
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 29

30. FOOT PROTECTION
Why is Foot Protection Important?
 The human foot is rigid enough to support the
weight of your entire body, and yet flexible enough
to allow you to run, dance, play sports, and to take
you anywhere you want to go. Without your feet
and toes, your ability to work at your job would be
greatly reduced.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 30

31. FOOT PROTECTION
Types of Foot Hazards
 Impact Injuries
 Injuries from Spills and Splashes
 Compression Injuries
 Electrical Shocks
 Extremes in Cold, Heat, and Moisture
 Slipping
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 31

32. FOOT PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 32

33. FOOT PROTECTION
Types of Foot PPE
 Safety Shoes and Boots
 Steel toe footwear
 protects your toes from falling objects and from being crushed
 Metatarsal footwear
 special guards that run from your ankle to your toes and protect your entire foot
 Steel toe boots/ Reinforced sole footwear
 metal reinforcement that protects your foot from punctures
 Latex/Rubber footwear
 resists chemicals and provides extra traction on slippery surfaces
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 33

34. FOOT PROTECTION
Proper Fit and Use of PPE
 Select and use the right kind of footwear for the job you are going to be performing. Footwear
should meet or exceed the standards set by ANSI (ANSI Z41-1991)
 Proper fit
 Correct protection for job task
 Inspect your footwear before you use them
 Look for holes and cracks that might leak
 Replace footwear that are worn or torn
 When working with chemicals
 hose your footwear with water to rinse away any chemicals or dirt before removing your footwear
 Store footwear in a clean, cool, dry, ventilated area
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 34

35. BODY PROTECTION
Why is Body Protection Important?
 The skin acts as a natural barrier to the
elements.
 Chemicals can break down the skin barrier and
allow secondary infections to manifest.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 35

36. BODY PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 36

37. BODY PROTECTION
Potential Incidences of Body Hazards
 Temperature stress
 Exposure to heat (hot metals) or cold (dry ice) which results in burns
 Chemical Contact
 Chemical splash
 Contact with potentially infectious materials
 Radiation
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 37

38. BODY PROTECTION
Proper Fit and Use of PPE
 Select and use the right kind of body protection
for the job you are going to be performing
 Make sure chemical resistant to what working
with
 Inspect your aprons/body shields before you
use them
 Store body protection in a clean, cool, dry,
ventilated area
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 38

39. BODY PROTECTION
Types of Body PPE
 Insulated Coats and Pants
 Fire resistant
 Heat resistant
 Cold resistant
 Sleeves and Aprons
 Work well when pouring or manipulating
chemical to reduce splash
 Make sure the sleeves and aprons are
appropriate for the chemical
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 39

40. BODY PROTECTION
Types of Body Protection
 Coveralls
 Tyvek use for particulate filtering such as
asbestos
 Chemical rated
 Full body suit
 Hazardous materials handling
 Carbon filtering for emergency response
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 40

41. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Protects users by removing harmful materials that
may enter the body via the lungs
 Inhalation is one of the quickest, most efficient
ways to introduce lethal levels of hazardous
materials into the body
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 41

42. RESPIRATORS - TYPES
 Air Purifying Respirators (APR)
 Half-face
 Full Face
 Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR)
 Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
 Does not include:
 Surgical masks
 Dust masks
 N-95 respirators are a special class of
respiratory protection primarily used in the
health care field
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 42

43. N95 MASKS
 N95 masks, usually referred to as dust masks, are
the most basic type of filtering respirator.
 They are disposable masks that are used in dusty
areas and in healthcare facilities.
 They filter some small particles out of the air as it
passes through the mask.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 43

44. HALF-FACE RESPIRATORS
 Filter air through disposable cartridges.
 There are a variety of different cartridges designed
for different contaminant types.
 There are general HEPA filters that function similar
to the N95 mask, with slightly better protection, as
well as filters designed for different chemicals.
 The different cartridges will need to be replaced
according to manufacturer recommendations in
order to ensure the user continues to be protected.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 44

45. FULL-FACE RESPIRATORS
 Function similarly to the half-face versions and
often use the same cartridges.
 They provide more filtration than the half-face and
offer some protection to the users eyes.
 Persons who have issues with claustrophobia may
be unable to use these respirators because they
contain the entire face.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 45

46. POWERED AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (PAPR)
 Are hoods that have air blown into them.
 The air is pulled through a filter, similar to the half-
face and full-face respirators, by mechanical means
and the filtered air is then pushed over the users
face.
 They are useful for individuals who are medically
unable to use other respirators and for people with
facial hair.
 The amount of filtration they offer is between the
half-face and full-face.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 46

47. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 47

48. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Atmosphere Supplying Respirators
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 48

49. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Inspecting and cleaning respirators
 Inspect all respirators for wear and tear
before and after each use
 Wash in a detergent solution; then,
disinfect by immersing in a sanitizing
solution
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 49

50. RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
 Storing respirators
 Protect against dust, sunlight, heat,
extreme cold, excessive moisture, and
damaging chemicals
 Store in position to retain natural
configuration
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 50

51. OTHER PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS
SAFETY BELTS, LIFELINES, LANYARDS & SAFETY NETS
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 51

52. LIFELINES
 A lifeline is a fall protection safety device in
the form of an open fence composed of wire
and stanchions secured around the perimeter of
an area to prevent accidental falls.
 It is commonly found on sailboats,
construction sites & where falls can occur,
such as at scenic overlooks and in caves.
 Lifelines, safety belts shall be used only for
employee safeguarding.
 Lifelines shall be secured above the point of
operation to an anchorage or structural
member capable of supporting a minimum
dead weight of 5,400 pounds.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 52

53. LIFELINES
 Nylon: Nylon is a good choice for a lifeline
because of its strength and durability.
 Polyester: Like nylon, polyester is also a good
choice for a lifeline.
 Polypropylene/polyethylene blend: A good
choice for a lifeline is a
polypropylene/polyethylene blend. The
polyethylene makes the rope much stronger
than one made with polypropylene only. It also
makes the rope more resistant to abrasion and
ultra-violet (UV) radiation than pure
polypropylene.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 53

54. SAFETY BELTS
 Safety belts lanyard shall be a minimum of ½-
inch nylon, or equivalent, with a maximum
length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6
feet.
 The rope shall have a nominal breaking
strength of 5,400 pounds.
 All safety belt and lanyard hardware shall be
drop forged or pressed steel, cadmium plated
in accordance with Type 1, Class B plating
specified in Federal Specification QQ-P-416.
 Surface shall be smooth and free of sharp
edges.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 54

55. SAFETY NETS
 Where safety net protection is required by
this part, operations shall not be undertaken
until the net is in place and has been tested.
 Nets shall extend beyond the edge of the
work surface where employees are exposed
and shall be installed as close under the
work surface.
 It is intended that only
 one level of nets be
 required for bridge
 construction.
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 55

56. SAFETY NETS
Vertical distance from
working level to
horizontal plane of net
Minimum required
horizontal distance of
outer edge of net from
the edge of the working
surface
Up to 5 feet 8 feet
5 to 10 feet 10 feet
More than 10 feet 13 feet
ASST. PROF. PRACHI DESSAI, OSHA, DBCE 56