The City Blueprint for Water is a baseline assessment of the sustainability of water management in a city (or other dominantly urban region). The result allows a city to quickly understand how advanced it is in sustainable water management and to compare its status with other leading cities. This project is part of the European Commission Innovation Partnership on Water and also tightly linked to the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities. We have reported in detail on seven cities (Rotterdam, Dar es Salaam, Hamburg, Amsterdam, Ho Chi Minh City and Melbourne). The review of the methodology is about to be published. Here is the presentation.

2. City Blueprints

3. Richard Elelman
Head of Public Administrations at Fundació CTM Centre
Tecnològic and Administrative Director of NETWERC
H2O
Av. Bases de Manresa, 1. 08242 Manresa,
Spain
T +34 93 877 7373
F +34 93 877 73 74
M +34 608 54 55 28
E richard.elelman@ctm.com.es
W www.ctm.com.es / www.netwerch2o.eu
Skype: richardelelman
Cornelis Johannes (Kees) van Leeuwen
Chair Water Management and Urban Development
Principal Scientist at KWR Watercycle Research Institute
P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein
The Netherlands
T +31 30 6069617
F +31 30 6061165
M +31 652041795
E kees.van.leeuwen@kwrwater.nl
W www.kwrwater.nl
Skype: leeuwke47
POLITICAL COORDINATOR TECHNICAL COORDINATOR
CITY BLUEPRINTS
Improving Implementation Capacities of Cities and Regions by
sharing best practices on Urban Water Cycle Services

4. 4City Blueprints
Philip et al., 2011

5. Waste water
Climate adaptation
Transport
Energy
Water
supply
City Governance
ICT
Solid waste
Houses, shops,
offices & factories
Biodiversity
green & blue space)

6. Illustration of the relevance of co-benefits of integration
of measures as part of a long-term strategy for cities.
6
Policy Number of
issues (n)
Number
of P.Ia
Issues
addressed
Interactions
addressed
Missed
P.I
Missed P.I.
(%)
Smart citiesb 9 36 3 3 33 92
Smart citiesc 9 36 6 15 21 58
SMARTER
citiesd
9 36 9 36 0 0
a) Potential Interactions; b)EU smart city policy 2012 (ICT, Transport; Energy; c) Idem plus water + waste; d) all topics in cities

7. 7Vermeld titel (insert > header/footer)

8. Content
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Conclusions
City Blueprints

9. Currently, 2.5 billion people are without
improved sanitation facilities.
Sanitation
Currently, 3.4 million people - mostly
children – die from water-borne diseases
every year.
Human health
Water-related hazards account for 90% of
all natural hazards.
Hazards
.
Climate change may worsen water
services and quality of life in cities.
Climate change
Urban areas of the world are expected to
absorb all the population growth expected
over the next four decades.
By 2050, urban dwellers will likely account for
86 % of the population in the more developed
regions and for 64 % of that in the less
developed regions.
Urbanization
Water use & water scarcity
Water withdrawals have tripled over the
last 50 years. In 2030, there will be a 40%
supply shortage of water.
Megatrends in cities
Source: Van Leeuwen 2013

10. 10City Blueprints
World Economic Forum, 2014

11. GENERATION TIMES OF SOME 'SPECIES'
Species Generation time
Bacteria ≈ 0.1 d
Algae (Chlorella sp.) ≈ 1 d
Waterfleas (Daphnia sp.) ≈ 10 d
Snails (Lymnaea sp.) ≈ 100 d
Rats ≈ 1 y
Politicians ≈ 5 y
Man ≈ 25 y
Cities >100 y
Kees van Leeuwen, 6 maart 2015
Modified after Van Leeuwen en Vermeire (2007)

12. Content
1. Introduction
3. Results
4. Conclusions
City Blueprints

13. The Journey of a Thousand Miles Begins with One Step (Lao Tzu)
13City Blueprints
This is true, however,.....
1) It starts with the orientation where we are
(City Blueprint)
2) ...and where we want to go
(European Urban Agenda)
3) …and how to walk; SMART implementation
(Tailor-made roadmap for each city with a focus
on win-win’s (co-benefits)

14. 14City Blueprints
Goal Baseline assessment of the sustainability of Urban Water Resources Management
Indicators Twenty-five indicators divided over seven categories:
1. Water quality
2. Solid waste treatment
3. Basic water services
4. Wastewater treatment
5. Infrastructure
6. Climate robustness
7. Governance
Data Public data or data provided by the (waste) water utilities and cities based on a questionnaire
Scores 0 (concern) to 10 (no concern)
BCI Blue City Index, the geometric mean of 25 indicators which varies from 0 to 10
Stakeholders Water utility, water board, city council, companies, NGOs, etc.
Process Interactive with all stakeholders involved early on in the process
City Blueprint performance framework

15. Trends and pressures framework
Social
1 Urbanization rate
2 Burden of disease
3 Education rate
4 Political stability
Environmental
5 Flood risk
6 Water scarcity
7 Water pollution
8 Heat risk
Financial
9 Economic pressure
10 Unemployment rate
11 Poverty rate
12 Inflation rate
5 Flood riks
Urban drainage flood
River peak discharges
Sea level rise
Land subsidence
6 Water scarcity
Freshwater scarcity
Groundwater scarcity
Salinization and seawater intrusion
7 Water pollution Surface water quality
Biodiversity
8 Heat risk Heat island effect
0 No
concern
1 Low
concern
2 Medium
concern
3 Concern 4 Great
concern
City Blueprints

16. City Blueprints for 45 municipalities and regions in 27 countries
Algarve (Portugal)
Amsterdam (The Netherlands)
Ankara (Turkey)
Athens (Greece)
Belém (Brazil)
Berlin (Germany)
Bologna (Italy)
Bucharest (Romania)
Budapest (Hungary)
Copenhagen (Denmark)
Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
Dordrecht (The Netherlands)
Eindhoven (The Netherlands)
Eslov (Sweden)
Galatti (Romania)
Genova (Italy)
Hamburg (Germany)
Helsingborg (Sweden)
Helsinki (Finland)
Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)
Istanbul (Turkey)
Jerusalem (Israel),
Kilamba Kiaxi (Angola)
Kristianstad (Sweden)
Ljubljana (Slovenia)
Lodz (Poland)
London (UK)
Lyon (France),
Maastricht (The Netherlands)
Malmö (Sweden),
Malta (Malta),
Manresa (Spain)
Melbourne (Australia)
New York (USA)
Nieuwegein
Oslo (Norway)
Reggio Emilia (Italy)
Reykjavic (Iceland)
Rotterdam (The Netherlands)
Scotland (UK)
Stockholm (Sweden)
Varna (Bulgaria)
Venlo (The Netherlands)
Wroclaw (Poland)
Zaragoza (Spain)
City Blueprints

17. Content
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
4. Conclusions
City Blueprints

18. BCI
■ 0-2
● 2-4
● 4-6
● 6-8

19. 0
20
40
60
80
100
Access to drinking
water and sanitation
Secondary & tertiary
WWT
Energy and nutrient
recovery
Solid waste recycling &
energy recovery
Green space Stormwater separation
%Coverage
0 - 2
2 - 4
4 - 6
6 - 8
BCI

20. 20City Blueprints
0
2
4
6
8
10
BlueCityIndex(BCI)
Blue City Index (BCI)

21. Trends and Pressures Index (TPI)
21
0
1
2
3
4
Stockholm
Kristianstad
Helsingborg
Malmö
Reykjavik
Helsinki
Eslov
Hamburg
Oslo
Nieuwegein
Scotland
Rotterdam
Maastricht
Copenhagen
Berlin
Venlo
Eindhoven
Dordrecht
Melbourne
Lyon
London
Amsterdam
Wroclaw
Lodz
ReggioEmilia
Genova
Bologna
Ljubljana
NewYork
Jerusalem
Zaragoza
Bucharest
Malta
Algarve
Budapest
Manresa
Athens
Galati
Varna
Ankara
Belem
HoChiMinhCity
Istanbul
DaresSalaam
KilambaKiaxi
TrendsandPressuresIndex(TPI)
Financial
Environmental
Social
City Blueprints

22. Three examples
22
DaresSalaam
Melbourne
Amsterdam
Trendsandpressures
Social
1. Urbanization rate 4 1 1
2. Burden of disease 3 1 0
3. Education rate 3 0 1
4. Political instability 2 1 1
Environmental
5. Water scarcity 2 1 1
6. Flood risk 3 2 3
7. Water quality 1 2 2
8. Heat risk 3 4 1
Financial
9. Economic pressure 4 0 1
10. Unemployment rate 1 1 1
11. Poverty rate 4 0 0
12. Inflation rate 3 2 1
City Blueprints

23. Dar es Salaam
BCI: 1.3
23
Secondary WWT
Tertiary WWT
Groundwater quality
Solid waste collected
Solid waste recycled
Solid waste energy recovered
Access to drinking water
Access to sanitation
Drinking water quality
Nutrient recovery
Energy recovery
Sewage sludge recycling
WWT energy efficiencyAverage age sewer
Operation cost recovery
Water system leakages
Stormwater separation
Green space
Climate adaptation
Drinking water consumption
Climate robust buildings
Management and action plans
Public participation
Water efficiency measures
Atractiveness
City Blueprints

24. Melbourne
BCI: 5.4
24
Secondary WWT
Tertiary WWT
Groundwater quality
Solid waste collected
Solid waste recycled
Solid waste energy recovered
Access to drinking water
Access to sanitation
Drinking water quality
Nutrient recovery
Energy recovery
Sewage sludge recycling
WWT energy efficiencyAverage age sewer
Operation cost recovery
Water system leakages
Stormwater separation
Green space
Climate adaptation
Drinking water consumption
Climate robust buildings
Management and action plans
Public participation
Water efficiency measures
Atractiveness
City Blueprints

25. Amsterdam
BCI: 8.3
25
Secondary WWT
Tertiary WWT
Groundwater quality
Solid waste collected
Solid waste recycled
Solid waste energy recovered
Access to drinking water
Access to sanitation
Drinking water quality
Nutrient recovery
Energy recovery
Sewage sludge recycling
WWT energy efficiencyAverage age sewer
Operation cost recovery
Water system leakages
Stormwater separation
Green space
Climate adaptation
Drinking water consumption
Climate robust buildings
Management and action plans
Public participation
Water efficiency measures
Atractiveness
City Blueprints

26. 0
2
4
6
8
10
I Water quality
0
2
4
6
8
10
II Solid waste treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
III Basic water services
0
2
4
6
8
10
IV Wastewater treatment
0
2
4
6
8
10
VI Climate robustness
0
2
4
6
8
10
V Infrastructure
0
2
4
6
8
10
VII Governance
Amsterdam
Melbourne
Dar es Salaam
City Blueprints

27. Highligts City Blueprint results for 45 cities
Wastewater
• Nutrient recovery: <50%
• Energy recovery: only 50%
• Stormwater separation: only 50% and <12% for Copenhagen and most Dutch cities
Solid waste
• Energy recovery: <40% of potential
• Landfilling: about 50%
Drinking water
• Leakages: 21% with 11 cities exceeding 40%
Climate adaptation (green space)
• ≤ 20% for Athens, Bucharest, Budapest, Ankara, Belem, Dar es Salaam, Ho Chi Minh City, Istanbul,
Jerusalem, Kilamba kiaxi, New York and Eindhoven
• ≥ 40% in Scandinavian cities
27City Blueprints

28. Correlations of the BCI* and TPI with various indices and city descriptors.
All correlation coefficient are highly significant (maximum p <10-5).
28City Blueprint
BCI* TPI Source
ND-GAIN Climate Readiness 0.86 -0.94 ND-GAIN 2013
Green city index 0.86 -0.85 Siemens 2015
Involvement in voluntary work 0.86 -0.81 EFILWC 2012
Environmental awareness index 0.85 -0.84 Harju-Autti and Kokkinen 2014
Government effectiveness 0.84 -0.88 World Bank 2015
Regulatory Quality 0.83 -0.90 World Bank 2015
Rule of Law 0.82 -0.89 World Bank 2015
Voice & Accountability 0.81 -0.90 World Bank 2015
Control of Corruption 0.80 -0.89 World Bank 2015
GDP per capita 0.72 -0.75 IMF 2013
IWRM ambitionsa
0.59 -0.55 EC 2015a
aBecause, IWRM ambitions is a CBF indicator, the shown correlation has been calculated with the BCI* calculated without this
indicator (i.e. based on 24 instead of 25 indicators).

29. Content
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Conclusions
City Blueprints

30. EEA report 4/2014
National adaptation policy processes in European countries
30City Blueprint

31. Collaboration between cities matters: blue cities
Secondary WWT
Tertiary WWT
Groundwater quality
Solid waste collected
Solid waste recycled
Solid waste energy recovered
Access to drinking water
Access to sanitation
Drinking water quality
Nutrient recovery
Energy recovery
Sewage sludge recycling
WWT energy efficiencyAverage age sewer
Operation cost recovery
Water system leakages
Stormwater separation
Green space
Climate adaptation
Drinking water consumption
Climate robust buildings
Management and action plans
Public participation
Water efficiency measures
Atractiveness
City Blueprints

32. FINAL CONCLUSION
Cities need to start investing in
adaptation measures based on a
long-term vision and strategy and
by sharing best practices (Van
Leeuwen, 2014).
The longer political leaders wait,
the more expensive adaptation will
become and the danger to citizens
and the economy will increase
(Jacqueline McGlade, former EEA
Executive Director).
32City Blueprints

33. STOP EXCESSIVE FOCUS ON TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
‘Technology is important to implement an intelligent city
concept, to create new business opportunities, to attract
investments and to generate employment. But
technology alone would not bring about any wonders.
Good governance and the active involvement of citizens
in the development of new organization models for a
new generation of services and a greener and healthier
lifestyle are also important.’
Hahn, EU former Commissioner for Regional Policy
City Blueprints

34. 34

35. The OECD multi-level governance framework:
key co-ordination gaps in (water) policy.
Administrative gap Geographical ‘mismatch’ between hydrological and administrative boundaries.
Information gap Asymmetries of information (quantity, quality, type) between different stakeholders.
Policy gap Sectoral fragmentation of water-related tasks across ministries and agencies.
Capacity gap Insufficient scientific, technical, infrastructural capacity of local actors
Funding gap Unstable or insufficient revenues undermining effective implementation of water
responsibilities
Objective gap Different rationales creating obstacles for adopting convergent targets
Accountability gap Difficulty in ensuring the transparency of practices across the different constituencies,
mainly due to insufficient users’ commitment, lack of concern, awareness and
participation.
CITY BLUEPRINTS

36. POLITICAL COORDINATOR TECHNICAL COORDINATOR
CITY BLUEPRINTS
Improving Implementation Capacities of Cities and Regions by
sharing best practices on Urban Water Cycle Services
FURTHER INFORMATION on the following websites:
1. City Blueprint website of Watershare®: http://www.watershare.eu/
2. City Blueprint website of EIP Water: http://www.eip-water.eu/City_Blueprints
3. Netwerc h2o: http://www.netwerch2o.eu/
4. BlueSCities: http://www.bluescities.eu/

37. Reports and Publications on City Blueprints
37City Blueprints
Detailed reviews are available for the cities of Rotterdam, Dar es Salaam,
Hamburg, Istanbul, Amsterdam, Ho Chi Minh City and Melbourne.
These papers are listed on our website:
http://www.eip-water.eu/City_Blueprints (click on documents)
Most recent paper:
Koop, S.H.A. and C.J. Van Leeuwen. 2015. Application of the Improved City
Blueprint Framework in 45 municipalities and regions Water Resources Management.
DOI: 10.1007/s11269-015-1079-7 [open access]
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-015-1079-7

38. A PROJECT FUNDED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AS PART OF THE EU FRAMEWORK FOR
RESEARCH AND INNOVATION
MAKING WATER AND WASTE SMART

39. Content
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
4. Conclusions
City Blueprints

40. 40City Blueprints
Philip et al., 2011