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The Rhetoric of Aristotle
- 1. The Rhetoric of Aristotle Persephone Davis
- 2. Not a summary. Rather, an evaluation. It’s not what you said, honey, it is how you said it. Rhetorical Analysis
- 3. The speaker The speech/material The audience Three Components of Rhetorical Analysis
- 4. Rhetoric Rhetoric is about persuasion. It is communication on a large scale. It respects the listener. It is practical. It considers context.
- 5. Logos - Persuasion through logic Ethos - Persuasion through establishment of credibility Pathos - Persuasion through emotional appeal Modes of Persuasion
- 6. Logos Logical proof uses enthymeme: “a major premise that the audience already accepts” Logical proof operates deductively: Major Premise ⇢ Minor Premise ⇢ Conclusion Logical proof also uses examples.
- 7. Ethos The speaker must seem credible and the argument must be credible. Credibility is determined by: Perceived Intelligence Virtuous Character Good Will
- 8. Pathos Love/Friendship Instead of hatred Anger Instead of calmness Fear/Shame Instead of confidence The emotion that the audience feels versus the one the audience wants or expects to feel.
- 9. Five Canons of Rhetoric Invention Arrangement Style Delivery Memory
- 10. Questions? “I have a question.” -Krista Reinhardt
Editor's Notes
- Chapter 21 April 3
- It is important to know what a rhetorical analysis is. It is NOT a summary, but rather is an evaluation of a whole and how its component parts function together. (asks the question HOW instead of WHAT--how was it created/developed and to what end) It is important that we understand how to perform rhetorical analysis.
- The three components of rhetorical analysis are the three most basic (broadest) things that must be considered when evaluating a work. The speaker, his background and intentions, etc. The material (written or spoken, etc.) the language used, the subtext, etc. The audience, their ability to comprehend the material, their understanding of it in context, etc.
- Rhetoric is about persuasion. One person in communicating to (not with, usually) many people Even though is may seem like rhetoric is about tricking people into believing what you believe, it is respectful because it based in known truth and attempts to persuade rather than to force the listener. It is practical. It considers context
- Logos is persuasion through reason Ethos is when the speaker attempts to persuade the audience by establishing himself as a credible source. Pathos is when the speaker causes an emotional response in the audience that convinces them of the validity of his argument.
- Logical proof uses enthymeme: “a major premise that the audience already accepts” Certain things do not need to be stated in a logical argument but are simply assumed (given) by both the speaker and the listener. Eg. truth is not relative. The Bible is true. Etc. Logical proof operates deductively: Working hard will lead to success. (major premise=enthymeme) I work hard in school to get good grades to impress potential employers, and I work hard at work to establish credibility and generate reliable references. (minor premise) Conclusion: I will be successful. Logical proof also uses examples.
- The speaker must seem credible and the argument must be credible: The speaker needs to seem like a reliable source to be persuasive, and the argument needs to hold up against scrutiny. Credibility is determined by the audience’s perception of the speaker’s intelligence (if it seems right now that I do not know what I am talking about, you will not be persuaded by my argument), the speaker’s character (honesty, and reasonableness) (one of the most important things to remember about a persuasive argument is that is is not achieved through force), and good will (it should be clear to the audience that the speaker has the audience’s best interest in high esteem.)
- Emotional persuasion relies on opposites. A simple emotional response is not enough. The speaker causes the audience to feel one emotion instead of another. It is not enough for the audience to have a general emotional reaction. They must react one way instead of another way. Recently, a gentleman spoke in one of my classes about Human trafficking, and the reason he was so persuasive is that I wanted to believe that it was not such a large problem, but his emotional stories indicated to me that it is.
- Invention: the construction of the argument--requires both knowledge of the argument and the ability to reason Arrangement: ordering of material--the hook, the presentation of the material in a coherent way Style: selection of language--use of examples, metaphors, jokes, etc. Delivery: clarity, conversational tone, authority. Memory: familiarity with the text