Morality Is Relative Essays

Morality is Relative Essays
Morality is Relative
James Rachels' article, "Morality is Not Relative," is incorrect, he provides arguments that cannot logically be applied or have no bearing on the
statement of contention. His argument, seems to favor some of the ideas set forth in cultural relativism, but he has issues with other parts that make
cultural relativism what it is. The first mistake is in his comparison following the example of there being different moral codes. In outlining and
explaining the cultural differences argument, he gives an example that he began the article with regarding the Callatians and the Greeks, and their
differences in funerary practices. Rachels asks that "from the mere fact that they disagreed, that there is no objective...show more content...
He is comparing and trying to relate two things so dissimilar that it boggles the mind to think of comparing them in the first place. To begin with,
Rachels seems to be implying that since, one is obviously wrong and that we have factual evidence to the contrary, that is what makes them wrong.
That works, but when it's applied to something like morality and ethics like he is trying to do, it makes no sense. Since when and where has there ever
been a fact based moral code? Who says morally what is correct and what is not within society or for that matter for the good of humankind? Reading
further, he states that the whole point is that the original conclusion does not follow from the premise laid forth by the cultural relativists. This is true
based on what he gives in the second example, but his example is construed in order to get such results. Next Rachels goes on to further try and prove
cultural relativism has some problems. In the next section, he evaluates the seriousness of the cultural relativist and what that exactly entails. Looking
at the consequences, he says that we, as cultural relativists, would have to condone the actions of another culture as not being less inferior. There is no
problem there. Where the problem begins is when he brings up slavery and genocide, things that are considered immoral to our society in particular. On
a personal
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Essay on Morality and Religion Debate
Morality and Religion Debate
In an organized religion debate, Alan Dershowitz and Alan Keyes contended many issues on religion and morality. Alan Dershowitz, a Harvard law
professor, believed that "morality can be maintained without religion." He also stated that it must be maintained without religion because times have
changed. He said that if religion is not separated from state it could have severe damage, such as the Crusades and the Holocaust. Dershowitz believes
that there is a difference between morality and religion. When people are moral without religion, they are being virtuous on their own, not because they
are afraid of God. He stated that religion should not consist of a Cost–Benefit Analysis. Alan Keyes, a former...show more content...
Dershowitz said, in return, that people are not moral if the sole reason for them doing it was to get to heaven. Dershowitz stated "doing the right thing
because it is the right thing is more powerful than doing it because someone higher than you says so." Fowler's theory emphasises on the form of faith,
not on a particular belief system. He believed that faith could be religious or non–religious, such as God, science, or humanity. Throughout his six
stages, he links religion (faith) with morality, and how a person becomes increasingly moral as they grow older and learn more about faith. The
relationship between religion and morality has existed throughout all time, and it has cost many senseless deaths and wars. The Crusades were a major
example of how religion can be viewed negatively in politics. Dershowitz believed that if the Crusades were right, why were there not
counter–Crusades? Keyes retorted that everyone has to be responsible and accountable. He believed that the horrible things done in the name of
religion were just our world's fallen nature. Furthermore, Dershowitz believed that the Bible was a great source for homophobia, sex inequality,
racism, and egocentrism. Dershowitz and Fowler believed that the Bible is one source of morality, not the only. Alan Keyes avoided the answer, and he
said that his morality comes from the Declaration of Independence. When it states "all men

Reflection Paper On Morality
Each day, with the new experiences and challenges a new day brings, we may find ourselves facing the trials of what morality truly means to us. A
few months ago, if you had asked me to tell you what my morals were and how I would interpret the term morality, I would have just told you my
whole life story. I used to think my life and the experiences I have had were the only things that formed my views on moral law and what I believe is
the right way to treat the people around you. Now, since I've participated in this class, my opinions on morality are not only shaped just by my
surroundings and my life experiences, but they are also shaped by the nations and cultures that surround me today and the exposure to diversity that
they have provided me through business and culture. In order to form a developed opinion on the definition of morality, we can look at the word
diversity. This is a word that has means different things to different people. Personally, it is a word that I believe has a large impact on our world.
Diversity is not only a lot of different cultures and backgrounds in one place at the same time, but also how these different cultures and individuals
interact with each other throughout the world. This idea can be compared to a friendship between two people and the support and acceptance they
may have of each other's sociocultural differences.The biggest thing I took away from this class was from one specific discussion we had on whether
or not it is our moral

Essay about Morality
Morality
Moral philosophy is very important to the success of an individual. But, before I tell you why moral philosophy is so important, and how it has
helped me in my life, let me give you a little background knowledge. Rational knowledge has two components. These components are material and
formal. Formal knowledge is not object oriented, and is based on reason. Formal knowledge is logic, or the laws of thought. Material knowledge is
object oriented, and has two components. These two components are natural and moral. Natural law is physics.
It determines what is the case, and how things behave in nature. On the other hand, moral law determines what things ought to be. Morality is
something humans think about, and is...show more content...
So, to answer your question, I care. And for that matter, I bet if you were involved in this situation, you would care.
Now I want to tell you an obvious reason why you should care. This may be so obvious that you overlooked it. Many of our nations laws are based on
moral issues. For instance, you can't hurt another human; you can't steal from another human; and you can't kill another human being. Now, you may
say, "I already know this!" But, if everybody knew this, would we need jails? Let me ask you a question. How successful can you be in jail? My
point with this question is to get you to realize that you can't be successful in jail.
Nobody grows up saying that they can't wait to go to jail because they know that it is the place to be. Nobody says that if they could just get in jail
they know that they could be the best prisoner, and could have the biggest cell. This may be taking immorality to an extreme, but it happens. An
immoral life could send a person to jail. I can tell you some of the consequences of an immoral life, but I can't make you be moral. Morality is not
imposed upon you by society. Morality is self imposed; it is something in us, and defines what constitutes a human being.
I am sure that many of you have participated in team sports. Now even if you have a good game, maybe you scored all of the points, and the team

Speech On Morality And Morality
Morality refers to the concept of proper human action in terms of "right and wrong," also referred to as "good and evil. According to Hobbes
(1994:11), morality is simply a declaration of rules and beliefs that are considered absolute guides for human behaviour. According to Hare (1981:27), "
Morality is a system of principles and judgments based on cultural, religious, and philosophical concepts and beliefs, by which humans determine
whether given actions, are right or wrong." Moral values and graciousness, in the past, were prominent in most teenagers. Every individual has capacity
for growth. But a seed cannot grow without nurturing. And farmers don't get to neglect their crops. So moral values has to be inculcated from infancy.
Many years...show more content...
Pre–school children seem to be most vulnerable to the effect of divorce and adolescents the least.
In most modern industrialized countries, the proportion of working mothers with children under 18 greatly increased in the last few decades of the
20th century, to the point that one–half of all mothers with children under 5 are in the workforce.
3.Cause biggest, chief, clear, fundamental PEER PRESSURE: Sometime, the child comes to rely heavily on the peer group for support and guidance
during a time when parental nagging about the child's declining morality begins to be more pronounced. The children of permissive parents often fall
victim of peer pressure and since perhaps only others experiencing the same transition can be relied upon to understand what that experience

Morality And Morality
Morality is defined as the principles concerning the distinction between good or evil. These are principles that are based on facts. Morality is often
based on rules such as the 10 Commandments Morality is objective. It is not influenced by emotions, opinions or personal perspective. Morality is
about standards where we can base what is the correct behavior. Morality also carries the concept of conscience.
Morality describes the principles that govern our behavior. These principles guide us to be fair and be in harmony in everyone. As humans, we should
not be selfish and do everything to make things in our favor. We should promote equality and justice in order to live in harmony with other people in
our society. A moral person should also...show more content...
Take the case of this example. A lawyer is defending a murderer. His morality tells him not to defend the murderer because murder is immoral and
it has been committed by the murderer. It is also immoral to stand on something that is wrong. But, as a lawyer, he should do his job and defend
the murderer. This is where morality and ethics enter a conflict. We know that morality comes from within. It is based on facts and is objective.
The lawyer can act morally by giving up on a case because he knows for a fact that murder is immoral. We also know that ethics is something that
is imposed by the society, meaning subjective and particular. These are standards of what to do and what we should not do. The lawyer can act
ethically by doing his job and defend his client. With the help of this analogy, we can say that we act morally if we stand on something that what we
think is morally right regardless of the situation. On the other hand, we act ethically if we do something that is right, and that idea of righteousness is
based on other's perspective. This is the reason why it is prone to

Reflection Paper On Moral Values
Reflective Essay (Morals) Morals and virtues have been a part of society and are pivotal to surviving in any culture. All over the world, people are
raised differently and have different beliefs that ground them to their culture. Personally, growing up in a religious household I can see how that has
affected me and the foundation that my morals are based on. I think that there are different cultures that have different morals and as difficult as it is to
understand sometimes it is very important to respect their beliefs. That being said, it is important to strive to live under a moral code that I think is
best. The vast variety of ethics and different moral beliefs can definitely cause awkwardness or make some situations uncomfortable depending on
the clashing cultures. Although discussing morals can lead to awkward and uncomfortable situations, it is important to stick to your moral
foundations and respect other cultures as best you can. Growing up in a moderately wealthy religious family in the United States, I had the ability
to pick and choose which set of morals I followed. Although my family did play a huge rule in creating the foundation I live my life with, I was
very free to decide which path I chose. As I grew up, the influence of my parents slowly began to lessen and the virtues I had learned from them
began to mold me into the person I am today. I was also raised in a highly religious household. Even though I am slowly moving away from the
church going Christian I once was, the morals they engrained into me are things I will hopefully never forget. The last and possibly most
important ground was where I was raised. The suburb outside of Cleveland Ohio where I grew up wasn't the worst place to be raised, but it has
definitely changed my morals from the ones set by my parents and the church. Often times in school, I would have inner conflicts with the virtues set
by my church, and the nefarious activities my friends and I would want to do. I think this is a part of growing up. This struggle has rounded my
morals out leading me to be a good mix of both uptight and relaxed depending on the situation. Regardless of the journey to moral satisfaction, the goal
of perfection should never leave your

Debate On Morality And Morality
Morality: Nature vs. Religion
There are many ways that a person could perceive what justice is. This is because justice is a notion of one's moral rightness based on their ethics,
religion and laws. Usually religion is the cause for the many different views of what should be morally right and wrong. These different views of
morals have sparked many arguments over the centuries resulting in what could be a never–ending feud between the theists and the anti–theists. Many
authors who have dabbled with the subject, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, argue from a naturalistic perspective, and believe that humanity is responsible
for controlling their nature–given passions, and also states that religion is anti–nature. (Nietzsche) Then there are other...show more content...
Obviously, there must be some correlation between the concepts of religion and morality, and Murdoch states that, "The most evident bridge between
morality and religion is the idea of virtue." In this essay, Murdoch approaches the subject of morality in a psychological way, and examines the virtues
of duty. According to Murdoch, "Dutifulness could be an account of morality with no hint of religion", and suggests that duty and reason fit well with
each other.(Murdoch) In the essay, Murdoch constantly is always questioning religious beliefs and how they are related with morality, but ultimately
stating that with religion, morality increases, because "Religion symbolizes high moral ideas... which are more intimate and accessible than the
unadorned promptings of reason."

What is Morality? Essay
What is Morality?
Philosophers around the world have debated the meaning of morality for centuries. However, it is a word too subjective to be either denoted or
defined. Aristotle, often referred to as the father of philosophy, advised that one could determine what is moral by examining the mean between two
"less desirable" extremes. For example, courage is a mean between fear and thoughtless rashness; generosity, between extravagance and parsimony.
Plato argued that "to know the good is to do the good." In other words, those who behave immorally due so out of mere ignorance, not defiance.
Furthermore, Plato believed that a moral person is a truly happy person; and because people always desire their own happiness, they always...show more
content...
This reward system trains us to believe that what is legal is moral. Although a person may be a law–abiding citizen, he or she may not necessarily be
moral.
The morality of an individual is also based on his or her childhood. Parents have an immense effect on their children's values. For instance, if parents
teach their child at early ages to be a hard–worker, to be honest and true, and to have integrity, then it is likely that the child will grow up with these
morals instilled within them. However, some children grow to be the antithesis of their parents. They see that their parents are immoral and so they
intentionally grow to think and behave differently. If so, is the child immoral for defying his or her parents, or is the child moral for defying his or her
immoral parents?
Another factor in determining one's morals is one's religiosity. For instance, some religions, such as Hinduism, believe in animal sacrifices as a way of
worshiping; however, other religions, such as Catholicism, do not. Thus, to a Catholic, the sacrifice of innocent animals may seem immoral whereas
followers of the Hindu religion view the practice as sacred. Therefore, one cannot conclude that simply because a person is religious, he or she is also
moral. There are thousands of religions throughout the world; who has the authority to determine whose

Morals, Values, and Ethics Essays
Morals, Values, and Ethics Morals, values and ethics define who we are and what we believe. Culture, religion, and many other things affect our
beliefs. One uses various types off ethics when surrounded by different groups. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing
good ethics and morals. These things make morals, ethics, and values important in society. Many things can contribute to what you think is morally
right or wrong. Religion, for example, may create a barrier on to what extent you do something. Some religions set rules, or guidelines on which they
limit what people do. Cultures, as well, contribute to people's decisions. Many times our values and ethics disagree with different people who hold
different...show more content...
This doesn't mean our values or ethics are wrong it just means we think differently than others. When surrounded by different groups, one uses
various types of ethics. For example when one is surrounded by friends and brothers or sisters one forgets what on was taught by our elders about
manners and about being courteous, but when dealing with elders or a superior, certain carefulness is necessary. One cannot just say anything that
pops out into one's head, because one can be judged accordingly and would be thought to be vulgar or disrespectful. We develop many values and
ethics through past experiences whether it is a positive or negative experience. These thoughts and beliefs are what guide us through our life.
Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. In today's world, individuals can make a single
decision that can have an extreme positive or negative effect on their family, their employer, a nation, and even on the entire world. The life we
lead reflects the strength of our character. For example, if we choose to steal, instead of earning it that makes one of weak character or morals. Like
in The Pardoner's Tale from Chaucer, " greed is the root of all evil." Ethics are different for each person, but for the most part, people want to be
known as a good person. One wants to be known as someone who can be trusted, and one is concerned about his or her relationships

Ethics, Morals, And Laws Essay
Ethics are defined as "moral principles, as of an individual." Giving dropped money back to a blind man is an example of good ethics. I believe in
having a strong sense of ethics. Morality or morals can be defined as "of, relating to, or concerned with the principles or rules of right conduct or
the distinction between right and wrong." I believe having a good moral sense is crucial to participate in the world. Without one, you can make a
lot of people angry, you could get fired from a job, or you could even get thrown in jail. Legality or the laws which govern us are rules we are forced to
live by. They keep us in line and stop us from doing unjust things. I believe in the Judeo–Christian laws of our country. People who don't abide by the
strong morals of our country, or who are unethical, have the capacity to damage our society.
The difference between Ethics, Morals, and Laws is slim. Morals make up ethics. Legality takes ethical practices and tells you things you can't do
based on what society thinks of as right and wrong.
Computer hacking can be both ethical and unethical. Ethical hacking is when something is hacked legally and helps better the community. For
example, operating systems are usually hacked by their creators to see what the vulnerabilities are. Then they are fixed or patched.
The most serious issue in the computer world (and in the presidential race) is unethical hacking. Unethical hacking is when someone steals data for
their own gain, or when someone

My View Of Human Morality Essay
My view of human morality is that it is influenced by individual culture and experience. Because I believe that as human beings, we all have our
own values, beliefs and attitudes that we develop throughout the course of our lives and contribute to our own sense of reality of ourselves and the
society. Regardless of what will influence and mold us throughout our lives, we have the rationality inclined to know between what is right and
wrong so that we will do good as we want others to do so. We are exposed to cultural values from many sources: family, peers, education, authorities,
and religion. Because we spend most of our formative years with family, the values of the family whether good or bad, are a powerful influence.
These are a reflection of an individual character and culture. We are born into a world of values that have existed throughout humanity 's history. We
absorb these values as children while we navigate our social environment, processing and reevaluating them throughout our adult lives. Every
individual understands that life is important hence he or she needs moral values, which act as guiding principles. Our values form the foundation of
our lives. They dictate the choices we make and determine the direction that our life takes. Our values will influence our decisions related to our
relationships, career, and other activities we engage in. The world we lived is complicated that there exist no universal morality and absolute freedom
and since our morals are

Essay on Morality is Universal
Morality is Universal Throughout history, humankind has looked back to the past, to seek the truth about morals, religion, and how they both impact
and define civilization. Stories and myths from ancient Greece show overbearing resemblance to our own Bible as both shun the many temptations of
our soul either by teaching the value of a characteristic or warning of the "ill fruits reaped". Dante Alighieri revealed in his Divine Comedy that
"Pride, Envy, and Avarice are the three sparks, [the three universal deadly sins] that have set these hearts on fire" (Bartlett 80). This statement is quite
true for these three enticements have existed evidently in belief systems and moral codes since the creation of fire. One of the most obvious...show more
content...
Defying his brother, father, and family for the sake of avarice, Jacob used trickery to deceive his father and steal the inheritance (Genesis 25:13). In
this instance, Jacob's theft and departure results in a family torn to pieces. This lesson of greed turned disaster is a valued one that today's society
must incorporate in order to reach a higher level of being. Unfortunately, pleasant epithets such as "acquisitiveness" and "determined" that are viewed
in the business world as favorable mask this foul character trait in our present culture. Today, there are no gods and goddesses to openly and
immediately prosecute the cupidity and so this character trait spreads like wild fire from one cut–throat to the next. Instead, the greedy realize their
blunder only at death when they fall from the glorious gates of Heaven to fiery depths of Hell, where they can covet only fire from their neighbor.
Mythological and biblical text most often target arrogance of all moral lessons. The Bible clearly warns, "Pride goes before destruction, and a
haughty spirit before a fall" (Proverbs 16:18). One of the many myths in Grecian time that cautions the vile effects of hubris is the folk–tale of Arachne
(Switzer 25). Arachne was so skilled in the art of weaving that observers came from miles around to watch her enchanting motions on the spinner
produce such magnificent tapestries. Over time, the girl's

Morality Essay examples
Morality is defined as a system or code that we humans use to differentiate between right and wrong. This system could be derived from a number of
factors: religion, culture, and upbringing. It is difficult enough to determine what an individual's morals are, but going further to determine how we
came to possess those morals is even more ambitious. Still, regardless of its difficulty, this subject consumes many philosophers and psychologists. One
such moral psychologists, Jonathan Haidt, is theorizing the possibility of evolution causing ones morality. Haidt is a moral psychologist at the
Universtiy of Virgina further believes that complex social structures such as religion and politics as well as our need for social structures affect...show
more content...
One is the ancient system, a system that developed before humans could speak. This system drives our emotions. It is with this system that humans
received their instinctual reactions to specific situations; it is these sorts of "gut reactions" that enabled human survival in ancient times. The other is a
modern system, a system that initiated when language was invented. This system, he explains, is more associated with our ability to reason and judge.
This system allows us to question our instinctual reactions and determine some explanation as to why we feel a particular way. However, he feels that
these two complex systems are subconsciously active within the individual; he does not believe that people are aware of these concepts affecting their
morality. These two systems are the key or answer to why moral dumbfounding occurs. It occurs when the two systems conflictВ—when reasoning
cannot explain your initial reaction. Furthermore, Haidt believes that emotions are linked more to one's subconscious, while reasoning is linked to
one's consciousness. He believes most philosophy focuses too much on the conscious while underestimating the power of the subconscious. In regards
to his experiment testing one's disgust for eating one's pet, he believes this disgust originated in ancient times when people first began to eat meat.
When beginning this tradition, people had to

Ethics and Morality Essay
Ethics and Morality
Is it immoral for a person to write lies on his/her resume? This question poses many questions in it's self. How fictitious is the lie, what are you
lying about, what could be the consequences of this lie and whom and how will this lie affect the people involved? How would John Stuart Mill
answer this question? Mill's general position seem to be that one should do what will produce the most happiness, pleasure and with the absence of
pain. With this in mind for one to falsify their resume will produce the greater happiness to that person, and family. If this means to exaggerate the
truth a little so be it. I feel Mill's view would be to exaggerate, but not to over exaggerate so that when you do get the job you...show more content...
This he felt is how most live. According to Mill morality is about producing good consequences, not having good intentions, we should do what ever
will bring the most benefit to all humanity. Also that our conduct is right or wrong because of the propensity to produce good or bad consequences
for the people whom are affected by it. Mill's moral philosophy was a version of the utilitarian theory. In witch he believed that righteous actions are
those actions that produce the greatest happiness to the largest number of people, following from his Principal of Utility. Since Mill believes that it is
not the intention of an action and it is the ability for the action to produce favorable consequences. It follows that for some one to exaggerate on their
resume is morally ok. As with Mills Principal of utility, witch is saying if the action produces the greatest amount of happiness to the most people with
the least amount of pain that to is morally ok when compared with the utilitarian theory. It seems to that Mill is trying to say that if more than
one–person benefits from what might be considered an immoral action, also that the least amount of pain is cause then that action can be consider
morally ok as long as the consequences of that

Morals Vs. Ethics : Morals And Ethics Essay
Morals vs. Ethics
Morals and ethics are often thought of as interchangeable terms, and both can be applied in various situations. Morals are ultimately the "groundwork"
for ethics. However, the two nouns have a distinct meaning.
Morals are internal principles that a person focuses upon when deciding between right or wrong conduct. A person's true character can be revealed by
understanding that said person's morals. Ethics are a set of rules or rules of conduct that a person follows due to social or company standards. For
example, stealing money from your workplace would be considered unethical, and disrespecting your coworkers would be immoral. In addition, both
morals and ethics could be applied in both situations.
Another way to explain the difference between the two nouns is to discuss the alleged origins of both morals and ethics. Morality first came about in
the Latin language. It is derived from the word "mos", meaning custom. On the other hand, ethics is derived from the Greek word "ethos", meaning
character. As I said before, both morals and ethics have similar terminology, but each have a separate description.
Morals and Ethics in Business When dealing with contracts, each party has a duty to fulfill one's contractual obligations effectively and on time. Each
party must exchange must exchange something of value, whether it's money, services, or a product. While morals and ethics aren't exactly terms that
come to mind when thinking of value, they both have a

Morality of Today Essay
Olympian morality was potent in ancient Greek society yet it is incomplete by today's moral standards of what is acceptable. Modern morality is not
only taught through actions, stories or experiences however constructed by the feelings within. In both, The Iliad and the Hesiod, external actions are
the most important however, without logos, a look into the soul no decisions are made by choice. Eris, the force of pulling apart and Eros, the force of
pushing together were vital pieces in the aspect of morality through traditional Greek society. Ancient morality combined with natural science and
logos creates a balance that allows for perfect moral structure. Olympian morality was built upon the aspect that the Gods determined human existence
...show more content...
Socrates believed that justice and desire could not be determined without reason and logic (Reno). Going along with Socrates ideas, Eris and Eros
can be confined in the soul but the structure of Olympian morality will never be destroyed. Destroying Eris would also destroy Eros and not only
would no bad exist, but nothing good would exist either. Therefore the Sophist's mentality could never become the mentality in which society is driven
by. If all good and bad were removed from society there would be nothing to fuel desires, hopes, dreams, hardships or emotions. Preluding to the Trojan
War, Helen is always property. Never once is choice an option of Helens. She is given as a prize, a trophy, to the one who will triumph over the
other (Homer). No one considered asking Helen what she truly desired; therefore to settle the issue, men were killed in warfare to come to a
conclusion that should have been determined by choice. Women were not deemed important figures in ancient society and men ruled the world in
which they lived. Until Socratic ideals, one can say that women were only the property of men. Socrates tried to explore the world of femininity and
discover the soul; he was killed for believing that there is more to an individual then what the divine interprets (Plato's Apology). Unlike ancient times,
a war of nations would not break out over a romantic conflict because women and men can choose whom they love. Logic has allowed modern

Morality is defined as the ability to know right from wrong, and good from bad in our society today and also the societies of the past. Morality is
influenced by your family, your religion, and your society. We will be looking at Asia, Africa and the Americas and how their morality was affected by
family, religion, and the society. In ancient China morality was influence by family, religion, and society, but I believe it was influenced the most by
religion and society. China From the early days of the Neolithic villages used the fertile soil from the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers to product silk
which brought great wealth to the Chinese culture. They also in around 1750 B.C.E developed the technique of calligraphy, which has some...show
more content...
Over some time it is clear that people migrated and settled into what we call today Mexico and Central America. The moral beliefs of this culture
were rooted in religion and their society. The people of the Olmec's society saw priest governed on the behalf of the gods and they were also
responsible to oversee the spiritual life of the community. (fiero p.74) These people were farmers and artisans at the lower end and ruling nobility at
the upper end of the class scale. The Olmec's raised temples fitted with elaborate drainage systems. They created a calendrical system, developed
portraiture and mirror making and practiced rituals involving human sacrifice. (fiero p.74) The Olmec's political, religious, and artistic traditions
survived for centuries in the civilizations of the Mayans and the Aztecs. The last culture that will be discussed is Africa. Africa's morals like the other
societies were mostly influenced by their religion and society. In ancient Egypt the Book of the Dead, a collection of funerary prayers, was a morality
guidance system. These were a list of forty–two action or acts that were prohibited to humans. The Egyptians also used the gods as a way of
influencing their moral beliefs. The sun god or Ra was the

Morality, Moral, And Moral Decisions Essay
If there is one characteristic that distinguishes human civilization from any other organized species, then morality is definitely a favored candidate. In
English the words "beastly" or "brutal" are used to describe the cruelest form of moral perversity; in Chinese the phrase "birds and beast" refers to
people who committed appalling atrocities. Our propensity to view morality as the discriminating trait of human being overrides cultural and
geographical barriers. For some people, this phenomenon serves as the evidence for the idea that morality arises out of, and should be explained by
our ability for rational reasoning–a uniquely human faculty.
Different schools of philosophy identify different elements behind the reasoning process that governs moral decisions–for utilitarianism those are net
gain or loss of human welfare, and for Kantianism the only governing principle should be pure reason. However they all seem to harbor the same
imperfection: seldom any metaphysical explanations for morality accurately capture our typical mental process behind a moral decision. While
quotidian life is rife with moral decisions, neither careful evaluations of gain or loss in human welfare nor deliberate consideration of logical
consistency came up to one's mind on a daily basis. Moral psychologist took a different path: instead of constructing a logically coherent theory of ethics
and reaching moral guidelines through deduction, they acknowledge the existence of certain basic moral

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