This document provides an overview of key concepts in Spanish grammar, including: - Spanish subject pronouns such as yo, tú, él, ella, etc. - The difference between formal and informal address (usted vs. tú) - What verb infinitives are and how they end (ar, er, ir verbs) - The basics of conjugating Spanish verbs - How to make sentences negative and form questions - Common Spanish adverbs

1. Spanish
Patrick Baker
Period: R-1

2. Spanish Subject Pronouns
 Yo- I
 Tú- You
 Él- He
 Ella- She
 Usted- You Formal
 Nosotros- We
 Ellos- They
 Ellas- They
 Ustedes- You Guys

3. Formal and Informal
 When you use the word “you” formally
it would be in the form of “usted.”
 You would use the formal word when
you are talking to a boss, or a teacher
or an elder.
 When you talk in a “familiar” was you
would usually be talking to a friend or
someone you are close with

4.  If you use the familiar form of
you, you would say Tú.
 Tú is the informal way of saying you

5. Verb Infinitives
 A verb infinitive ends in ar, er and ir
 When a verb has these endings it
literally means “to ____”
 ar verb: cocinar- to cook
 er verb: beber- to drink
 ir verb: escribir- to write

6. Conjugating
 When you conjugate a verb you start
by taking off the ending of the word to
get the stem
 By ending I mean the ar, er, ir

7. Conjugating
 There are different endings for each
way you use a regular verb
 Saying “Yo cocino” is way different
than saying “Yo cocina”
 Dropping the ar and putting the o on
the end of cocinar with Yo in front of it
means I cook.

8. Conjugating
 If I said “Nosotros comprendemos
biologia” I just told you that we
understand biology
 That was conjugating an er verb

9. Conjugating
 “Ella escribe” is saying she writes
 I just showed you how ar, er and ir
verbs all have different rules for what
you can put on the end of the verb

10. 3 English Translations
 When you conjugate a verb in Spanish
it means three different things in
English
 If I said “Yo jugo” I am saying three
things in English
- I play
- I do play
- I am playing

11. Making a Sentence Negative
 To make a sentence negative is very
simple
 The only thing you have to do it add
“no” to the sentence
 You MUST remember to put no before
the conjugated verb

12. Making a Sentence Negative
 There is a difference between “No, yo
hablo” and “Yo no hablo”
 The first sentence means “No, I do
speak” so maybe that means somebody
was answering a question with the word
no and telling them that they speak
 The second sentence says “I don’t speak”
 So it is important where you put the
word no in a sentence

13. Making a Question
 To make a statement into a question
you have to do three things
 1. Switch around the subject and the
verb
 2. Add an upside down question mark
at the beginning and a regular
question mark at the end
 3. Make your voice move upward at
the end of the sentence

14. Making a Question
 To make “Tú nadas en la piscina” in to
a question you would say “¿Tú nadar
en la piscina?”
 Make sure your voice goes up at the
end
 That way people will be sure that you
asked a question

15. Adverbs
 A Spanish adverb is used as a
measurement of time or how often
somebody does something

16. Adverbs
 Mucho- a lo
 Poco- a little
 Bien- well
 Muy bien- very well
 A veces- sometimes
 Mal- badly
 Raramente/raras veces- rarely
 De vez en cuando- once in a while
 Siempre- always
 Con frecuencia- frequently
 Nunca- never
 Todos los dias- everyday
 Cada dia/noche- each day/night

17. Adverbs
 It doesn’t really matter where you put
most adverbs in the sentence
 When you use mal and bien (bad and
good) they need to go after the verb to
make sense

18. Double Negative
 When using nunca (never) in a
sentence make sure you put that after
the verb and the word no in front of
the verb
 No trabajas nunca