Electric cars are 100 percent eco-friendly as they run on electrically powered engines. It does not emit toxic gases or smoke in the environment as it runs on a clean energy source. They are even better than hybrid cars as hybrids running on gas produce emissions. You'll be contributing to a healthy and green climate. An electric car doesn't require motor oil, as it uses an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine. Traditional gas vehicles need oil to lubricate several moving pieces in their combustion engines. Thus, regular oil changes aren't necessary for electric vehicles.

1. “BASICS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE SIMULATIONS USING ANSYS”
A training report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
MECHANICAL ENGINEER
Submitted to
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
PHAGWARA, PUNJAB
From 05 /10 /2021 to 06 /12/2021
SUBMITTED BY
Name of student: Pasala Anil Kumar Naidu Section: “M1903”
Registration Number: “11906633” Group: “01”
Course Code: “MEC400” Roll No.: “13”
Signature of the stude

3. 03.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our University(lovely
Professional University)
I would always thankful to our LPU who gave me this golden opportunity to do this
wonderful course of “Basics of Electric Vehicle Simulations Using Ansys” from “SKILL
LYNC”.
It was really a great experience to do this course, I really enjoyed while learning this
course because it was very interesting course actually. And then I came to know so
many new things which I was not known earlier.
Secondly, I would like to thanks to "SKILL LYNC” whose employee really helped me
whenever I needed.
I would like to thanks to my friends too for helping me to complete this course.
I did this course not for the certificate; also for enhance my skills and knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME

4. 04.
CONTENT OF THE REPORT
❖ Introduction
❖ Energy chain
❖ Losses in Electric Vehicle
❖ Emissions
❖ Emissions regulation
❖ Difference b/w Gasoline vehicle & EV
❖ Key components of EV
❖ DC-DC converter
❖ Source of heat generation in battery
❖ CFD(computational fluid dynamics)
❖ Steps in CFD
❖ BTMS(Battery thermal management system)
❖ Simulations of BTMS
❖ EV motor sizing
❖ Types of motor for EV
❖ Automotive electrical & electronics systems
❖ Basics of fluid mechanics
❖ External Aerodynamics
❖ Conclusion & perspective

5. petrol for a similar sized vehicle driving the same distance1. The cost will be lower if you charge
INTRODUCTION
Objective:-
❖ Need for electric vehicle
❖ Compare and contrast different electric vehicle architectures
❖ Functional requirements of key components of an electric vehicle
❖ Fundamentals of Battery chemistry
❖ BTMS
❖ Fundamentals of CFD
❖ Ansys Fluent
Purpose:-
Hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles can help improve fuel economy, lower fuel costs,
and reduce emissions.
Electric Vehicle:-
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either
partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as
they have less moving parts for maintaining and also very environmentally friendly as
they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Importance EV:-
Electric cars are 100 percent eco-friendly as they run on electrically powered engines. It
does not emit toxic gases or smoke in the environment as it runs on a clean energy
source. They are even better than hybrid cars as hybrids running on gas produce
emissions. You'll be contributing to a healthy and green climate.
An electric car doesn't require motor oil, as it uses an electric motor instead of an
internal combustion engine. Traditional gas vehicles need oil to lubricate several
moving pieces in their combustion engines .....Thus, regular oil changes aren't necessary
for electric vehicles.
The cost of the electricity required to charge an EV is around 40% less than the cost to use
your EV from your solar PV system or at free charging stations.
A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) has fewer moving parts than a conventional petrol/diesel car.
Servicing is relatively easy, less frequent and overall cheaper than a petrol/diesel vehicle.
05

6. Figure 1.1: Electric vehicle
06.

7. 07.
Energy chain:-
FIGURE 1.2: Energy chain
Coal based thermal power plant it so you take call you basically it in a thermal power
plant and then that energy is used to boil water which is then used to run a turbine and
energy is Extractor so you essential produce a whole bunch of emissions at the thermal
power plant From the thermal power plant via the electric grid to your home and
usually there are losses in this process and finally at your home if you have a compatible
charger wall mounted charger you will be able to charge the battery of a electric vehicle
and essentially when you look at efficiency there is a narrow way to look at it and there
is a Broadway to located the narrow way to do that is to basically look at a what
percentage of the energy that is stored in my batteries is converted to power at the
wheels right so that's a narrow way of defining efficiency and if you want to be really
brought an throw you have to kind of look at the efficiency in terms of the starting point

8. 08.
right so how much heat or What's the calorific value of coal and essentially when you
burn 1 kg of coal you get some amount of energy correct what percentage of that energy
is at the end of the day available at the wheels of your electric vehicle that requires a
large amount of data and Unity be really thought about it now and students of
Engineering you should focus on getting that information from literature review is there
is a review paper it has been published in a respectable journal that your starting point
now in terms of fossil fuels again now in terms of IC engines the process again easy to
understand you start with fossil fuels there is an oil refinery which converts your crude
oil into gasoline this gasoline is then transported to your local gas stations again I don't
think there is too much loss in the process if there is any laws that usually loss in terms
of vapour but then once the fuel is actually in your car there are significant sources that
basically results in loss of heat in your IC engine and at the end of the power that
available is very less so when we basically look at the narrow definition of IC engines so
I strongly believe is the anything that young engineers should care about you actually
see that electric vehicle is definitely the winner.
FIGURE 1.3: Losses in EV

9. 09.
now the other thing that you should remember is that these tests are performed at
Standard conditions standard procedures and standard temperature right and that can
actually be beneficial for electric vehicles and explain about that men and discussing all
these numbers so you take a look at the lost the primary laws that an electric vehicle
and counters St Los why are the electric drive systems with this includes your losses in
electric motor right now that accounts to 20% of the total energy that actually available
in the first place the second thing is charging you'll actually later learnt that during the
process of charging there is a large amount of energy that gets wasted showing it right
to charge the battery and say that through your charger hundred percent flows in the
hundred percent energy is not going Faster in terms of heat the other thing is accessory
loss you are electric vehicles have a lot of devices that have to be powered by the
battery great example for that is to say the heater that there in a typical car if you are
living in a cold region that you cannot go without any two right now in IC engine cars
that process is usually made very efficient wants your car bombs of a little bit the heat
that is required to keep the cabinet a good temperature can be taken from the exhaust
but in electric vehicles you don't have exhaust gases so any heat that has to be
generated to keep the cabinet A comfortable temperature as to come from batteries
now if you want to ka and if you drive a car in a place like Wisconsin or somewhere in
Canada then things can go really really cold and the accessory lost and go up to 20 to
30% right now remember all of these things are actually version with the age of the
battery alright so that is why it is very important to understand that this table provides
data which was measured at a specific condition and if you are really interested should
check out fuel economy that the to understand protocols that are followed while testing
so that being said if you take a look at the same electric vehicle with regenerative
braking you get an additional 17% gain from regenerative braking which makes the
total power available to wheels to 79% so only 21% is lost rightfully previous case we at
62% which is till.
Losses in electric vehicle:-
now if you compare this with IC engines you can actually see that the power available
to wheels is just 12% right and this is primarily because in your engine the losses are
generally around 70% now when we say losses at the engine it can be a bit misleading

10. 10.
combustion is a very efficient process and you will see that most of the engines have 95
to 98% combustion efficiency the problem is heat transfer a tremendous amount of heat
is actually lost via heat transfer by your exhaust gas right and that is why IC engines
are unfortunately not that efficient everything else drive train lost our city class idle lost
their very comparable to an electric vehicle the problem is still lost wire eat which
basically does not play well for the exchanges now said previously and IC engine car in a
region sale at Texas might be more if efficient than an electric vehicle that's being driven
in Wisconsin during winter ride and that is why you need to understand the standards
and test protocol that are followed while generating this data.
Emissions:-
FIGURE 1.4: Emissions
so I hope at this point it kind of understand why electric vehicles are generally the
winner from an efficiency view point from an emission standpoint and admissions for
electric vehicle are typically zero right now if you are having a Hybrid electric vehicle
then yes emissions from that engine that the vehicle carries to contribute towards the
total emissions but if it's 100% electric vehicle of an also called as the battery electric

11. vehicles you are on road tailpipe emissions are essentially zero all right now adding that
structured way of saying it tailpipe emissions are zero now when we say emissions we
talk about suit we talk about oxides of Nitrogen HC hydrocarbons carbon dioxide and
carbon monoxide now we all know that the bad guys like carbon dioxide a greenhouse
gases and they contribute to global warming in addition to this emissions can also cause
poor air quality index. Basically tells you what is the permissible amount and emissions
of bad it's very important to understand how many missions are measured now there
are several Standard 6 used to measure emissions you have lab tests on road tests
which basically measure the emissions as the vehicle is driving and realistic conditions
were measured in KG per km of KG per Mile writes a century how much kg of carbon
dioxide or carbon monoxide is produced for each and every km at a particular speed
you can also look at emissions in terms of the power produced so kg per kilowatt is also
commonly called unit you can also look at the amount of emissions produced for KG of
fuel consumed that also followed sometimes had so now that we've talked about it.
Emission Regulation:-
FIGURE 1.5: Emission Regulations
let's look at what in emission regulations looks like emission regulations essentially
11.

12. 12.
dictate automotive companies to make sure that their tailpipe emissions are kept to a
desired amount so if you look at in 1991 right can see that there was a regulation on
carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide right but there was no regulation on no ax h c plus
invoice trade and you can basically see that amount of carbon monoxide that your
engine was allowed to generate was roughly 14.3 220 7.1 kg per km now this is a lot
when compared to what Europe for permits right and you can see that as he has
progressed these emission regulations are become more tight underwear approaching
2020 in India we are basically updating Euro 6 and you can see that reducing the
emissions for there is definitely a challenge it's not an unsolvable problem but it is not
an easy problem to solve why as they always say right you basically when you try to
optimize something you first happy cure low hanging fruit and then to move the needle
from 95% Optimization to 99% Optimization is spent a lot of time and money and that
kind of what has happened to IC engines were at a point where in order to achieve
significant improvements in IC engine Combustion or heat recovery the amount of
money that has to be spent in terms of R and D is crazy hai and that is one of the reasons
why companies prefer going electric am not saying that's the only reason that also one
of the reasons for going electric gives automotive companies and easy option to battle
emission regulations.
Difference between Gasoline vehicle and All Electric vehicles:-

13. 13.
FIGURE 1.6 : Gasoline vehicle
FIGURE 1.7: Electric vehicle
I learn that Most of the modern engines have a fuel injection system and the amount of
fuel injected is basically controlled by the ECM which is electronic control module of the
on-board computer the power that produced by the engine is transmitted to the wheels
by the transmission and in some cases there is a propeller shaft that runs from the front
to the rear exhaust gases that are reduced because of combustion emitted out through
the exhaust system which essentially leaves the vehicle through the tailpipe tight and
your gasoline cars as a small battery pack typically a 12 volt battery pack which is
responsible for running the Starter Motor and powering auxiliary systems like blinkers
indicators and other electrical equipment which actually operate when the engine is
turned off now in contrast if you look at an electric vehicle the primary difference is that
traction battery pack which is placed at the bottom of the vehicle that this October is a
large amount of space and also weight and this is kind of the main differentiator right so
with respect to the battery pack the idea is such a primary energy resource and from
the battery pack their energy as to go into the traction motor now if you are using an AC

14. 14.
motor you need advice to convert the DC current from the traction battery back to AC
current and that is where in water comes and now in addition to this electric vehicles
have something called the dc-dc converter so that it again very simple you have a lot of
power electronics components that are mission critical and all of them require different
DC voltages so DC Converter is essentially an onboard Transformer which converts to
voltages to their respective value depending upon the application use and then in
addition to this you have a charge port which is basically used to charge the onboard
batteries and in addition to this right you have a strong cooling system now in case of a
gas cylindrical the thermal system the cooling system is primarily used to cool the IC
engine.
But here there are so many things that you need to take care of you need to make sure
that all the power electronic component batteries are maintained at reasonable
temperatures because all these components are sensitive to temperature and their
efficiency drops pretty badly is the temperature exceeds beyond their normal range of
operation.
Then finally we take a look at and Hybrid electric vehicle Hybrid electric vehicle
essentially contains all the components of the primary difference is that the engine and
the battery pack and the electric motor are going to be comparatively small Apartment
impact on all electric vehicle are compared to a conventional IC engine vehicle but
overall it contains pretty much all the components that an electric vehicle would have
right and it also contains components that a gasoline weight in kind of see that from this
particular picture.

15. 15.
FIGURE 1.9: Hybrid EV
Key components of Electric Vehicle:-
Battery: - provides power
Electric Motor: - converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
Power Electronics controller:- Control speed and torque
Thermal System: - we see that the engine, motor, controller and DC-DC
convertersare maintained at the required temperature.
DC-DC Converter: - Converts high voltage from the battery pack to a lower voltage
that is required by other accessories.

16. DC-DC converter:-
What does it do?
Step up or Step down DC Voltage
_ What are the challenges
High Efficiency - Minimize losses
Packaging - Occupy the smallest possible space
Weight - As low as possible
Parasitic caused by interaction of the various electronic components
How are these challenges overcome?
To minimize parasitic losses, system level and 3D simulations are coupled
— Parasitic losses are geometry dependent - Hence 3D simulations are required to
measure the capacitance, inductance and
Resistance of the various parts of hardware
= System level simulations are required to obtain the current and voltage waveforms
along with the parasitic losses
By using computers, we minimize the number of Hardware Design Iterations.

17. 17.
16.
FIGURE 2.0
The heat generation inside a cell can be modeled as four parts joules heating
which is because of internal resistance and entropic heat generation because of
irreversibility’s in the system aging related effects and mixing related effects now
if you write down these equations in a mathematical formula get the equation
that is basically shown here that this is a differential equation for heat generation
we can actually use this equation to predict how the temperature inside the
battery pack is going to change.

18. 18.
What is CFD?
CFD stands for Computational fluid Dynamics.
It is a technique to simulate fluids using a computer
It is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to
analyze and solve problems that involve fluid flows.
FIGURE 2.1:- CFD

19. 19.
FIGURE 2.2: Governing Equations
We observe that we have three equations which are the following shown in the above
figure: continuity equation, Momentum equation and last is energy equation.
See the last one which is Energy equation shows that That energy can neither be created
nor be destroyed the challenges take these equations and convert it into Linear
Equations the short answer is discretisation.

20. 20.
How we solve the Navier-stokes Equation?

21. 21.

22. 22.
So, finally we see that we solved the tailor series equation by using F2
We have started to solve this tailor series equation from above graph and
We got the equation.

23. 23.
Steps in CFD:-
Other steps of CFD:-
I. Governing Equations
II. Numerical discretization
III. Modeling physics(Turbulence,spray,Combustion,FSI)
IV. Boundary conditions
V. Steady vs transient simulation
Computational Fluid dynamics can be done with help of computer software in which
simulations can be done too. There is an ANSYS software in this course I learned How to
do the analysis with the help of this ANSYS software. And also I learned that how we do
the CFD in this software.
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is the analysis of fluid flows using numerical
solution methods. Using CFD, you are able to analyze complex problems involving fluid-
fluid, fluid-solid or fluid-gas interaction.

24. 24.
3rd CHAPTER
BTMS(Battery Thermal Management system):-
In this topic I learned that BTMS plays a vital role in the control of the battery thermal
behavior. The BTMS technologies are: air cooling system, liquid cooling system, direct
refrigerant cooling system, phase change material (PCM) cooling system, and thermo-
electric cooling system as well as heating.
SIMULATING A BTMS:-
Using ANSYS software
STEP: 01
FIGURE: 3.1: BTMS_GEOMETRY
This is the 1st step to simulate the BTMS in ANSYS software so in this step first we
learned that how we start the simulation.
There are five steps to complete the BTMS simulation in fluid flow (fluent)
which are the mentioned below:

25. 25.
I. Geometry
II. Mesh
III. Setup
IV. Solutions
V. Results
MESH:-
STEP: 02
FIGURE 3.2 : BTMS_MESH
In this step we learn that how to do mesh in ANSYS of a BTMS, it looks like some grains
Produced in the surface of the object which is actually a mesh, and one more thing
which I have seen that in this mesh we can remove the other parts of this object and
then remaining will be the cells of the battery thermal management system which will
be shown on the screen of the software.

26. 26.
SETUP:-
STEP: 03
FIGURE 3.3 : BTMS_SETUP
In this setup what we do that we close the previous page of the object and then set this
one what we observed in this particular object that after entering in this setup file there
are two colors appears on both of the end of the object which one is somewhat blue is
appearing and the 2nd is somewhat red is appearing.
Next we will see that how we will calculate the equations and do the solutions for
completing the simulation of this BTMS.

27. 27.
SOLUTIONS:-
STEP 04:
FIGURE 3.4 : BTMS_SOLUTIONS
In this step we learn about how we do the calculations of that particular object like In
this we did a number of calculations and we set the physics from the software and then
we did the iterations with the value of 500.
So in this above figure it’s showing that how the simulation is running .
By this plot we observe the simulations.
Now what we learn that after this step we go to home page I mean in ansys fluent and
from there we save this completed geometry.
And then we move to the final step where we complete the simulations with accuracy.

28. 28.
RESULTS:-
STEP 05:
FIGURE 3.5: BTMS_RESULTS_SIMULATION

29. 29.
And this is the final step of simulation which is results and we are seeing that the
simulation has completed in the above two figures3.5 which is done by me.
And finally I got the concept that how to do the simulations and about overall
procedures in the first figure of results in that we are seeing that how the fluid is
flowing and in which plane which is the velocity volume .
I also learn that what might be the behavior of the BTMS and how the fluids flow.
And in the 2nd figure we learn that how the properties of the object completely changed
when we apply the temperature with the help of calculations.
The color of the object gets changed when we apply the temperature on the BTMS
So finally we completed the “Simulation”.
Electric Vehicle Motor Sizing:-
How does a motor look like?
FIGURE 3.6: Motor

30. 30.
• Stator core:-
The primary functions of a stator core are: (1) to hold the stator windings in place,
and (2) to transmit flux. A stator core in a large AC machine is constructed from thin
laminated sheets of electrical grade steel such as ASTM A 345.
• Resolver stator:-
A resolver is an electrical transformer used to measure the angle of rotation. Many
resolvers look somewhat like an electric motor comprising of copper windings on
the stator and a machined metal rotor.
• Winding bars:-
Motor windings are conductive wires wrapped around a magnetic core; they provide
a path for current to flow to create then magnetic field to spin the rotor. Like any
other part of the motor, the winding can fail
• Resolver rotor:-
The function of a resolver is to resolve a vector into its components. Energizing one
phase of the input element, either rotor or stator, with a voltage (V) induces a
voltage into the output windings. The magnitude of the output voltage varies with
the sine and the cosine of the rotor position angle θ
• Connecting ring:-
made of graphite, are connected to a resistive device, such as a rheostat. As the slip
rings turn with the rotor, the brushes maintain constant contact with the rings
and transfer the resistance to the rotor windings. Slip rings on a wound rotor AC
motor.
• Rotor magnet:-
The rotor is a large magnet with poles constructed of steel lamination projecting out
of the rotor's core. The poles are supplied by direct current or magnetized by
permanent magnets. The armature with a three-phase winding is on the stator
where voltage is induced.

31. 31.
• Rotor core:-
The term "rotor" is derived from the word rotating. The rotor then is the rotating
part of the AC motor. The objective of these motor components is to make the rotor
rotate which in turn will rotate the motor shaft.
• Shaft:-
The shaft in a motor is a cylindrical component that extrudes out from the motor
and its housing. The purpose of the shaft is to convert energy from the motor into
the end use application. Precision pins and shafts operate as a function of speed vs
torque.
Motors of Electric vehicle:-
EESM
IM
PMSM & IM
PMSM

32. 32.
Comparison between Weight, cost and Efficiency :-
FIGURE 3.7 : Wight, cost and Efficiency
so, as we seen in the graph that the Permanent magnet motor is having light weight as
compare to induction motor .
It’s very important parameter in terms of electric vehicle motor.
In terms of cost, Permanent magnet motor is having less bills as compare to induction
motor.
So from these, permanent magnet is more efficient than the induction motor.

33. 33.
Introduction to Automotive Electrical & Electronics Systems:-
❖ Minimum systems:-
Operating on electricity
❖ Recent Advancements:-
• Many systems are
Operating electrically
• Intelligent electronics
For safety, control and
Telemetry.
FIGURE 3.8: Automotive electrical & electronics system
If we look at this picture these are the bare minimum things which are electrical and
electronics in an automobile. So let’s start from engine starter system, so engine starter
system consists:-
• Ignition coil:-
It is an induction coil in an automobile's ignition system that transforms the
battery's voltage to the thousands of volts needed to create an electric spark in the

34. 34.
Spark plugs to ignite the fuel.
• Spark plugs:-
Your spark plugs are what supply the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture,
creating the explosion which makes your engine produce power. These small but
simple plugs create an arc of electricity across two leads which are not touching, but
close enough together that electricity can jump the gap between them
• Alternator:-
An alternator is a power generator inside a vehicle, functioning as a power source
for the electricity used in a car, such as in the audio or air-conditioning unit. Since it
uses the power of the engine to work
• Regulator:-
The voltage regulator in your vehicle is in charge of keeping the right amount of
electrical power flowing consistently to certain parts of your car. This means if the
voltage regulator is broken, the components in your electrical system might only
work erratically or not at all.
• Starter motor:-
A motor starter provides defense by first controlling the electrical output of your
device or equipment at its initial point of operation (when you turn it on or it
engages). From that point, the starter continues to protect your system, operating as
a fail-safe.
So these are the electrical system which is required to start the engine.
Now in order to operate the engine, there are other electrical system so there is a
battery which is used to energy storage system and this battery actually helps to run
these all the electrical components inside the vehicle.
So the other electrical system is like:
-Headlights
Horn
Room lamp

35. 35.
Electrical and electronics about for example Which can be an electronic throttle control
that can be an electronic wall timing idle stop start system and there are a lot of other
features for example wiper control system for example a bag driver alert and there a lot
of advance display light when you can have a Digital you can have a can have a can have
electronic Like this.
Why the DC-DC converter is needed in EVs?
The main dc-dc converter changes dc power from an on-board 200-800V high voltage
battery into lower dc voltages (48V or 12V) to power headlights, interior lights, wiper
and window motors, fans, pumps and many other systems within electric vehicles (EV)
and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV).
Delivering power to auxiliary loads operating at different voltages (load side)
Battery to charger station compatibility.
HV battery and LV battery link.
DC-DC converters for electric vehicle:-
• Voltage translator
• Voltage regulator
FIGURE 3.9: DC-DC converters for EV

36. 36.
These are the major categories dc-dc converters used in electric vehicle:-
1. Charging
2. Conversion
3. Delivery
Single integrity:-
In signal integrity, we are trying to match the impedance of a trace to a certain value,
often 50 Ω. To achieve good power integrity, we want the PDN to have the lowest
impedance possible. At dc, that means having as low a resistance as possible in the
plane shapes.
Power integrity:-
Power integrity or PI is an analysis to check whether the desired voltage and current are
met from source to destination. ....Maintaining a proper DC Voltage level at the load at
high currents.
What is icepak:-
Cooling Simulation Software for Electronic Components. Ansys Icepak is a CFD solver
for electronics thermal management. It predicts airflow, temperature and heat transfer
in IC packages, PCBs, electronic assemblies/enclosures and power electronics.
Fluent is a general-purpose code. Icepak is a purpose-specific core for thermal
evaluation of integrated circuits and other electronic packaging.
Functions of icepak:-
Icepak combines advanced solver technology with robust, automatic meshing to enable
you to rapidly perform heat transfer and fluid flow simulation for a wide variety of
electronic applications — including computers, telecommunications equipment and
semiconductor devices, as well as aerospace, automotive and consumer.
Now we will see the complete simulation of icepak.

37. 37.
This is the initial phase of simulation of icepak, in the next figure we will se the final
simulation of the icepak.
Figure 4.00: Simulation of Icepak

38. 38.
Bas ics of fl u id m echa nics :-
• Laws of Fluid Mechanics
• Continuum
• Key Terms
pressure,Density,Temperature,Velocity,andStreamlines
• Key equations
Evaluating Aerodynamic Forces by performing a surface in centigral of
pressure
Definition of lift, moment, and aerodrag
Fluid flow Regimes
In viscid flow vs viscous flow
Compressible vs in compressible
Flow regime based on speed of sound
EXTERNAL AERODYNAMICS
Why is aerodynamics is a big deal?
Aerodynamics is a big deal will be taking a look at the fuel consumption of class 8 trucks
in the US and essentially I will be calculating the market size for drag reduction
strategies why is this important at the end of the day if you take a look at any
Engineering Company or any Engineering services company they are all our catering to
a particular market and it turns out that the market for drag reduction strategies that is
any technique write it could be hardware based techniques Opera software based
techniques which could help reducing drag have a huge potential because it turns out
that in aerodynamics for heavy duty trucks the billion-dollar market and talking about

39. 38.
just class 8 ex share wandering water class 8 practice but in short classic trucks are very
heavy other way around 15 tonnes and then when it comes to techniques to evaluate
Aerodynamic performance there are two techniques experimental techniques and
computational fluid dynamics Nav there could be one more technique that we could

40. 39.
potentially a should be analytical methods for example vortex panel methods there are
multiple analytical tools that are available at our disposal but to be very honest as of
2020 in none of these analytical methods would give you the resource you are looking
for Complex geometries under Complex flow conditions right so that's why I am not
mentioned it but yes technically analytical methods write pen and paper calculations
are really really important and because at the end of the day the standard paper
calculations are the basis for doing computational fluid dynamics.
fluid flow regimes:-
All fluid flow is classified into one of two broad categories or regimes. These two flow
regimes are laminar flow and turbulent flow. The flow regime, whether laminar or
turbulent, is important in the design and operation of any fluid system.
It gives a description of the geometrical distribution of a multiphase fluid moving
through a pipe. Different flow regimes are used to describe this distribution, the
distinction between each one being qualitative and somewhat arbitrary.
Importance of Aerodynamics:-
FIGURE 4.1: Care about Aerodynamic

41. 40.
classic trucks are really heavy about it in terms and they consume 10% of the total
petroleum in the US remember this is 2007 that I could not find data later but assuming
that it's 10% still just perfectly fine in 2019 us consume 40 billion gallons of diesel 10%
of that was used by class 8 that 4 billion gallons now the silly thing here is 65% of the
fuel gas is wasted by the class 8 tracks to just overcome drag force that sit 65% is just
wasted in other words 65% of four billion gallons is 2.6 Billion gallons about this 2.6
Billion gallons of fuel is essentially wasted now ensure that each Gal is worth $3 that 7.2
Billion Dollars and hearing this is only on class 8 trucks and that's why the market for
drag reduction strategies on drag reduction experiment is used people spend on that if
you are a company that makes trucks you would be ready to spend a billion dollars
because if you don't do that you will be spending 7.2 Billion Dollars every year so if you
are a big truck company and achieve the money and if I go there and I have this
wonderful technique to reduce drag force that going to reduce your fuel consumption
from 2.6 Billion gallons doubt 1.3 billion the company would be saving how much it
would save 3.6 Billion Dollars per year and the company would be happy to give me a
billion dollars.
it's going to be a huge amount of money savings because they want to save 3.6 billion
dollars every year in 10 years they would have saved 36 billion dollars and to give 1
billion for that doesn't seem like a bad price right decision the business case of the
problem now here is the thing class 8 trucks would basically be a part of it if you take a
look at trucks in general they consume around 25% of the total fuel consumption of the
market size is actually double of what I just now description 7 billion it actually 14
billion such a lot of money and that's why a lot of companies have a major incentive to
reduce drag in other words you see a lot of software companies come up with a
standalone CFD programs that can be used for external flow dynamics right that's
because that becomes a handy tool for designers to quickly check if there is ions reduce
the drag or not . Commercial vehicles are designed to maximize haulage capability,
which results in square, blunt machines at odds with aerodynamic shapeliness. A
vehicle needs power to push through the air, and power is fuel and costs you money. If
you can reduce the drag factor on the vehicle, you improve the efficiency.

42. 41.
CONCLUSION
In this complete report we have seen or we learn about the Electric vehicle and about
how we do simulations using ansys software, overall observation is that:-
✓ Electric vehicle provide greater cost and energy savings in the long run.
✓ More subsides and charging stations can be set up to encourage consumers to switch
to EV in Finland.
✓ EV charging load can be modeled stochastically, using information of charging
characteristics, driving habits and times and state-of –charge distribution of the
Vehicle.
✓ EV is far better than the Gasoline for the environment.
✓ Electricity can be renewable resource, gasoline cannot.
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
✓ General Motors says it will make only electric vehicles by 2035, Ford says all
vehicles sold in Europe will be electric by 2030 and VW says 70% of its sales will be
electric by 2030.
✓ By 2025 20% of all new cars sold globally will be electric, according to the latest
forecast by the investment bank UBS. That will leap to 40% by 2030, and by 2040
virtually every new car sold globally will be electric, says UBS.