Groups

1. Chapter 8 1
Foundations of Group
Behavior

2. Chapter 8 2
INTERACTION AMONG MEMBERS
SHARED GOALS
PEOPLE ACCEPT MEMBERSHIP
TWO OR MORE PEOPLE
G
R
0
U
P

3. Chapter 8 3
TYPES OF GROUPS
• FORMAL-COMMAND
GROUP;TEMPORARY TASK GROUP
• INFORMAL-HORIZONTAL
CLIQUE,VERTICAL CLIQUE,RANDOM
CLIQUE
• INTERACTING/COACTING/COUNTERACTI
NG GROUPS
• OPEN/CLOSED GROUPS
• MEMBERSHIP/REFERENCE GROUPS
• IN-GROUP/OUT-GROUP

4. Chapter 8 4
Why do people join Groups
Satisfy a need
security
affiliation
power
identity
Gain something

5. Chapter 8 5
Stages of Group Development
Prestage I Stage I
Forming
Stage II
Storming
Stage III
Norming
Stage IV
Performing
Stage V
Adjourning

6. Chapter 8 6
Group Behavior Model
External
Conditions
Performance
and
Satisfaction
Group
Task
Group
Structure
Group
Member
Resources
Group
Processes

7. Chapter 8 7
ELEMENTS IN THE GROUP
BEHAVIOUR PROCESS
• EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
• RESOURCES OF
GROUP
• GROUP ROLES
• GROUP NORMS
• STATUS IN THE
GROUP
• SIZE OF THE
• COMPOSITION
• COHESIVENESS

8. Chapter 8 8
External Conditions
Imposed on the Group
• Overall strategy
• Authority structures
• Formal regulations
• Resources
• Employee selection
• Evaluation-rewards
• Culture
• Work setting

9. Chapter 8 9
The Resources
of Group Members
Knowledge,
Skills, and
Abilities
Personality
Characteristics

10. Chapter 8 10
Identity
Group
Roles
Expectations
Conflict Perception

11. Chapter 8 11
Performance
Group
Norms
Appearance
Resources Arrangement

12. Chapter 8 12
Status in the Group
Culture
Equity
Norms

13. Chapter 8 13
Size of the Group
• Small groups
• Large groups
• Social loafing
• Individual effort

14. Chapter 8 14
The Composition
of the Group
Diversity Cohorts/Clique
Demography

15. Chapter 8 15
HOW CAN GROUPS
BECOME MORE EFFECTIVE

16. Chapter 8 16
High
Productivity
Moderate
Productivity
Moderate to Low
Productivity
Low
Productivity
Cohesiveness
Performance
Norms
High Low
Cohesiveness-Productivity Relationship
High
Low

17. Chapter 8 17
Effects of Group Processes
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Potential
Group
Effectiveness
Process Losses
Social Loafing
Process Gains
Synergy

18. Chapter 8 18
Group Effectiveness
and Efficiency
Accuracy Creativity
Acceptance
Speed

19. Chapter 8 19
Group Decision Making
Advantages
 More Diversity of Views
 Increased information
 Higher-quality decisions
 Improved Commitment
Disadvantages
 Dominant Individuals
 Unclear Responsibility
 Time and money costs
 Conformity pressures

20. Chapter 8 20
Group Decision Making
Groupthink Groupshift

21. Chapter 8 21
Electronic
Nominal
Brainstorming
Interacting
Techniques for Group
Decision Making

22. Chapter 8 22
NOMINAL GROUP TECHNIQUE
• EACH PERSON WRITES DOWN IDEAS
PRIVATELY
• ALL IDEAS ARE PRESENTED IN A
SEQUENCE
• NO DISCUSSION /DEBATE/ EVALUATION
• EACH PERSON RANKS VARIOUS
PROPOSALS PRIVATELY
• RESULTS ARE TALLIED

23. Chapter 8 23
DELPHI
(RAND CORPORATION)
• QUESTIONNAIRE 1:
STATES PROBLEM, GIVEN
TO DECISION PANELLISTS
SEPERATELY AND
ANNONYMOUSLY
• COLLECTS SOLUTIONS
• SUMMARISED
SOLUTIONS IN
QUESTIONNAIRE 2;
RETURNED TO DECISION
PANEL
• PANEL RESPONDS
INDEPENDENTLY
• PROCESS IS REPEATED