2. 02
AGENDA FOR TODAY
ARCHITECTURAL BUSINESS PRACTICES INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE?
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION
WESTERN WORLD
ANCIENT EGYPT
ANCIENT GREECE
ANCIENT ROME
MIDDLE AGES
RENAISSANCE
17TH CENTURY
18TH CENTURY
19TH CENTURY
QUESTIONS
READINGS
4. 04
ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE
PROFESSION:
is not commercial. A profession....
1- involves a store of knowledge that is more than ordinarily complex
2- is an intellectual enterprise
3- applies theoretical and complex knowledge to the solution of human and social
problems
4- strives to add to and improve the stock of knowledge
5- passes its knowledge to novice generations, usually through universities
6- tends to organize in peer formations that establish criteria for admission,
practice, and conduct
- Abraham Flexner
Columbia University, 1915
6. 06
ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE
ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE:
must combine design, service, and business..
1- Design:
- full range of planning for the best utilization of all a client’s (& society’s)
resources including land, labor, time, energy, and money
2- Service:
- independence / integrity in giving the best advice to the client
- usefullness in solving the client’s problem in the best way
- reliability in getting things done one time and on budget
3- Business:
- over a given period a practice must function to make a profit - to have more
income than expenses
- Paul Segal
Professional Practice, 2006, (pgs 14-17)
7. vi Cont ent s
14 Research in Practice 899
14.1 Research in Practice Overview 899
14.2 Research Methods 911
14.3 Research and Practice 920
14.4 Evidence-Based Design 937
PART 4 CONTRACTS AND
AGREEMENTS 951
15 Project Definition 952
15.1 Defining Project Services 952
15.2 Services and Compensation 961
15.3 Negotiating Agreement 975
16 Risk Management 989
16.1 Risk Management Strategies 989
16.2 Insurance Coverage for Business and
Professional Liability 1007
16.3 Risks and Emerging Practices 1021
16.4 Dispute Management and Resolution 1030
17 Agreements and AIA Document
Program 1040
17.1 Agreements with Owners 1040
17.2 Project Team Agreements 1055
17.3 Owner-Generated Agreements 1070
17.4 Construction Contracts 1083
17.5 The AIA Documents Program 1093
Appendix A: Allied Professional
Organizations 1113
Appendix B: Glossary 1117
Index 1141
About the Companion Website 1166
9.6 Architect Developer 563
9.7 Emerging Issues in Project Delivery 577
10 Design Project Management 584
10.1 Managing Architectural Projects 584
10.2 Project Teams 603
10.3 Project Budgets, Work Planning, and
Monitoring 621
10.4 Project Management with Building
Information Modeling Processes 641
10.5 Design Phases 654
10.6 Construction Drawings 668
10.7 Construction Specifications 689
10.8 Bidding and Negotiation 701
10.9 Construction Phase Services 713
10.10 Project Completion and Post-
Construction 729
11 Technology in Practice 740
11.1 Technology in Practice Overview 740
11.2 Technology in Project Delivery Phases 754
11.3 Small Firms, Small Projects, and Building
Information Modeling 764
11.4 Collaborative Technologies 780
11.5 Technology Management 785
11.6 Emerging Technology in Practice 798
12 Quality Management 810
12.1 Origins and Development of Quality
Management 810
12.2 Quality Management in Schematic
Design 822
12.3 Checklists 833
12.4 Quality Management in Construction
Procurement, Contract Administration, and
Post-Construction 847
13 Building Codes, Standards, and
Regulations 857
13.1 Building Codes and Standards 857
13.2 Planning, Urban Design, and the Regulatory
Environment 880
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v
Foreword vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
About the 15th Edition of the Handbook xv
PART 1 THE PROFESSION 1
1 Ethics and Professional Practice 2
1.1 The AIA Code of Ethics and Professional
Conduct 2
1.2 Ethics and Architectural Practice 13
1.3 Design Beyond Ethics 19
2 Diversity and Demographics 27
2.1 Diversity and Practice Management 27
2.2 Demographics of Practice: 2012 AIA Firm
Survey 36
3 Career Development 52
3.1 Regulation of Professional Practice 52
3.2 Intern Development 68
3.3 The Career Paths of an Architect 82
3.4 AIA Continuing Education System 93
3.5 Participating in Professional Organizations 99
3.6 Participating in Architectural Education 113
4 Public Interest Design 117
4.1 Socially Responsible Design Overview 117
4.2 The Role of Architects in Disaster Response
and Recovery 131
4.3 Architects in the Nonprofit Sector 147
4.4 Public Service and Community
Involvement 156
PART 2 FIRM MANAGEMENT 167
5 Organizational Development 168
5.1 Architects and the Law 168
5.2 Entrepreneurial Practice: Starting an
Architecture Firm 185
5.3 Strategic Planning for the Design Firm 203
5.4 Firm Growth and Development: How to
Build a Creative Culture 216
5.5 Leader Effectiveness 227
5.6 Ownership Transitions 237
5.7 Small-Firm Collaboration 252
5.8 Practicing in a Global Market 262
5.9 Developing and Managing Multiple-Office
Firms 275
5.10 Office Administration 291
5.11 Knowledge Management 308
5.12 Information Management and Services 321
6 Marketing and Business Development 332
6.1 Marketing Architectural Services 332
6.2 Developing Marketing Strategy 342
6.3 Public Relations and Communications 355
6.4 Networking and Business Development 370
6.5 Qualifications, Proposals, and Interviews 381
7 Financial Management 396
7.1 Navigating Economic Cycles 396
7.2 Financial Management Overview 409
7.3 Financial Management Systems 418
7.4 Developing Annual Budgets and Profit
Planning 428
8 Human Resources 444
8.1 Human Resources Management
Overview 444
8.2 Compensation Strategy and Philosophy 461
8.3 Recruiting and Hiring: Strategies and
Methodology 475
8.4 Professional Development and Mentoring 487
PA RT 3 PROJECT DELIVERY 507
9 Design Project Delivery 508
9.1 Project Delivery Methods 508
9.2 The Architect’s Role in Construction Manager-
Constructor Project Delivery 520
9.3 Integrated Project Delivery Overview 530
9.4 Contractor-Led Design-Build 541
9.5 Architect-Led Design-Build 555
Contents
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ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE
American Institute of Architect’s Best Practices, 2015
9. 09
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ WESTERN WORLD
ROLE EDUCATION INDIVIDUALS OWNER/CLIENT KNOWLEDGE MATERIALS/MEDIA
ANCIENT EGYPT - HIGH PRIEST
- RULER
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- Priests
- IMHOTEP
- SENENMUT
- PHARAOHS - MATHEMATICS - STONE
- PAPYRUS ROLLS
- STONE RELIEFS
ANCIENT GREECE - DIRECTOR OF
WORKMEN
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- SCHOOLS
- DAEDALUS - GOVERNMENT - GEOMETRY
- HYDROLOGY
- HUMANITIES
- STONE
- SCROLLS
ANCIENT ROME - DIRECTOR OF
WORKMEN
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- Trades
- VITRUVIUS
- ANTHEMIUS
- ISIDORUS
- GOVERNMENT
- MILITARY
- CITY PLANNING
- HYDROLOGY
- HUMANITIES
- CONCRETE
- MANUSCRIPT
BOOKS
MIDDLE AGES - MASTER
MASON
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- Guilds
- MONASTERIES
- VILLARD DE
HONNECOURT
- ABBOTS
- CHURCH NOBLES
- MERCHANTS
- ALGEBRA
- MECHANICS
- STONE
- MANUSCRIPT
BOOKS
RENAISSANCE - ARCHITECT
- Artisans
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- Guilds
- Architects
- Vatican Wkshp.
- MANUSCRIPTS
- F. BRUNELLESCHI
- L.B. ALBERTI
- D. BRAMANTE
- A. PALLADIO
- CHURCH NOBLES
- MERCHANTS
- MILITARY
- PERSPECTIVE
- SKETCHING
- ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS
- HUMANITIES
- STONE
- PRINTED BOOKS
17TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT
- Institutions
- ROYAL ACADEMY OF
ARCHITECTURE (Ecole
des Beaux Arts)
- TRAVEL
- ROYAL BUILDING
ADMINISTRATION
- Jean Baptise
Colbert
- Louis Le Vau
- GOVERNMENT
- ROYALTY
- ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
(DESCARTES)
- HUMANITIES
- PRINTED BOOKS
- Précis des leçons
d’architecture
données à
l’École royale
polytechnique
18TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT
- Gentlemen
Amateurs
- Professionals
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- Architectural Offices
- TRAVEL
- SIR JOHN SOANE
- B. HENRY
LATROBE
- GOVERNMENT
- BUSINESSES
- INSTITUTIONS
- ENGINEERING
- HUMANITIES
- PRINTED BOOKS
- Manufacturing
Division of Labor
Infrastructure
19TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT
- Architecture
Firms
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- UNIVERSITIES
- MIT (1870)
- Harvard (1899)
- ADLER & SULLIVAN
- MCKIM, MEAD, &
WHITE
- GOVERNMENT
- BUSINESSES
- INSTITUTIONS
- MATHEMATICS
- HUMANITIES
- CAST IRON
- STEEL
- REINFORCED CONCRETE
- PHOTOGRAPHY
20TH CENTURY - ARCHITECT
- Architecture
Firms
- APPRENTICESHIPS
- IDP (1980’s)
- UNIVERSITIES
- Professional
Degrees
- Exams
- MIES VAN DER
ROHE
- LE CORBUSIER
- EERO SAARINEN
- MORPHOSIS
- OMA
- GOVERNMENT
- BUSINESS
- INSTITUTIONS
- MATHEMATICS
- HUMANITIES
- ALUMINUM
- GLASS
- PLASTIC
- FIBERGLASS
- COMPUTERS
10. 10
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT EGYPT
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut _ 1473-1458 BCE
(ARCHITECT)
- High Priest
- Ruler
OWNER / CLIENT
- Pharoah
Djoser’s Funerary Complex _ 2630-2611 BCE
11. Stoa of Attalos _ 150 BCE Parthenon _ 488-432 BCE
11
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT GREECE
(ARCHITECT)
- Director of Workman
OWNER / CLIENT
- Government
12. Trajan’s Market _ 100-114 CE Parthenon _ 125 CE
12
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ ANCIENT ROME
(ARCHITECT)
- Director of Workman
OWNER / CLIENT
- Government
TRADE ORGANIZATIONS
- Blacksmiths - Carpenters
- Ironworkers - Stone workers
- Brick makers
13. St. Gall Plan_ 9th CENTURY CE Notre Dame Cathedral _ 1163 CE
13
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ MIDDLE AGES
(ARCHITECT)
- Master Mason
OWNER / CLIENT
- Abbots
- Church Nobles
- Merchants
GUILDS
- Blacksmiths - Carpenters
- Ironworkers - Stone workers
- Brick makers - Geometers
14. Sant’ Andrea _ 1470 CE & ON Saint Peter’s _ 1506 CE & ON
14
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECT
OWNER / CLIENT
- Church Nobles
- Merchants
- Military
GUILDS
- Blacksmiths - Carpenters
- Ironworkers - Stoneworkers
- Brick makers
15. Versailles_ 17th CENTURY CE Louvre_ 17th CENTURY CE
15
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ 17TH CENTURY
ARCHITECT
OWNER / CLIENT
- Government
- Royal
GUILDS
- Blacksmiths - Carpenters
- Ironworkers - Stoneworkers
- Brick makers
16. 16
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ 18TH CENTURY
Bank of England_ 1788 CE US Capital_ 1803 CE
ARCHITECT
OWNER / CLIENT
- Government
- Businesses
- Institutions
GUILDS
- Blacksmiths - Carpenters
- Ironworkers - Stoneworkers
- Brick makers
17. 17
HISTORY OF THE PROFESSION _ 19TH CENTURY
Chicago Auditorium Building_ 1886-1890 CE Pennsylvania Station _ 1910 CE
ARCHITECT
OWNER / CLIENT
- Government
- Businesses
- Institutions
CONTRACTOR
19. 19
READINGS
REQUIRED:
1- Dovey, Kim. “Architectural Ethics: A Dozen Dilemmas”. Architecture Australia.
1989.
2- Segal, Paul. “CH 2 - The Parties in the Construction Industry”. Professional
Practice: A Guide to Turning Designs into Buildings. 2006.
SUGGESTED:
3- Roth, Leland M. “CH 6 - The Architect: From High Priest to Professional”.
Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History, and Meaning. 1993.
