The Ancient Roman Civilization

The Ancient Roman Civilization
The Ancient Roman civilization was a remarkable society noted in history, it was led by countless great leaders that sustained the great civilization
for ages. The Romans encountered many wars and battles, they didn't win all of their battles; however, they've learned through their failures to
improve upon the progress of their society. In 264 BC to 146 BC the Romans were involved in a prolonged war with the Carthaginians, known as the
Punic War. (Chris Scarre, 24–25) The word Punic comes from the Latin derivation of the word Punicus which translates to "Carthaginian", referring to
the Carthaginian's Phoenician ancestors. (Keith Sidwell, 16) The Punic war was broken into 3 parts: The first Punic war (264–241 B.C.), the second
Punic war (218–201 B.C.), and the third Punic war (149–146 B.C.) Wars around this era wasn't based on ideals, it was strictly for territory. The
Romans fought for control over the lands all throughout Europe, North Africa, and parts of Middle East. Around this time the Carthaginians were the
biggest threat to the Romans. It wasn't only because they had land, but also the competitions of trade/economic stand point. This was the final spark for
the Romans to part–take in the destruction of Cartage Civilization at the end of the third Punic war. The Romans managed to win the wars of the Punic
war. One would suspect that the Ancient Roman Civilization would prosper from the victories from wars. However, in reality the Punic war deemed
to be more costly to
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Essay On The Fall Of The Roman Republic
Discuss the role of the senate, powerful generals and politicians in the collapse of the roman republic.
The Roman Republic was a very successful system, but it had a number of challenges which would ultimately spell its downfall. The fall of the
Roman Republic is said of having taken place across a couple of centuries. The fall was caused by some internal and external factors.
The Roman senate was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was the governing and advisory council that proved to be the most permanent element
in the roman constitution. It contributed to the fall of the roman republic in a couple of ways; first, the Roman law forbade any senator from holding
the same office multiple times in a row since this would be dangerous...show more content...
First, the most prominent men in Rome were corrupted by greed, jealousy and ambition. Prominent persons brought the state to chaos, disorder, and
tyranny in their quest for ultimate prestige and power. Through their moral failures and political dishonesty, this brought about republics violent and
chaotic demise. Second, candidates to office had become accustomed to using dishonest methods to achieve their aims. Offices, positions and power
were openly being bought and sold with bribery and electrol violence rife in the system. One of the biggest contributing factors to the collapse of the
roman republic was corruption in the government. Rome increasingly put power into the hands of a select, wealthy few. Only the rich could become
magistrates, and the votes of the wealthy citizens had more weight than the votes of the common people. The tax collectors were also corrupt, extorting
money from the people and keeping it for themselves, depriving the government of badly needed funds. This led to bankruptcy due to the cost of
defending the empire, the failing economies and high inflation. An unequal class system created enmity between rich and poor, and even between
factions of the poor. Unscrupulous leaders turned the people against each other dueling political agendas. Social, economic and political instability
created a Rome where citizens hungered for leadership. Third,

Rise of the Roman Republic Essay
RISE OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
Rome became a powerful empire engulfing much of Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia and what seemed like this great entity called the
Romans were always in the search of more territory and land to conquer and assimilate into their ever growing vast empire. However, this was not
always the case, before Rome became one of the greatest empires in all of history, Rome was a republic. They were government consisted of a Senate
who much like our country today represented certain classes of the citizens of the Republic. During the growth and rise of the Roman republic
conquering neighboring territories and competing for land grabs was not Romans primary objectives. Romans...show more content...
A hoplite was a spearman with other armor included, that fought as a group not as an individual (Goldsworthy 2000) p. 34., thus this adaptation could
very well of been what assisted the Roman army in there many successful conquests later on in the republic timeframe.
With the introduction of the hoplite phalanx to the Roman army, came a multitude of wars and long drawn out campaigns that the Romans were
involved in throughout the republic period. One such campaign or campaigns that set the Roman republic as the uncontested superpower in the
Mediterranean was the Punic Wars. Rome fought three wars against Carthage between 264 and 146 BCE. These wars constituted major events in the
history of Rome and the Mediterranean basin (Marcel Le Glay 2009) p. 73. Though these wars were fought for reasons such as competing
economics, revenge (most notably the Carthaginian general Hannibal), and a fear that could be related in today's terms of opposing forces such as
(the United States and Soviet Union feared each other during the Cold War) the fact is in the end Rome defeated the Carthaginians, not only were the
Carthaginians defeated, but the city of Carthage was demolished and the people massacred or sold into slavery so as not to threaten the Romans ever
again. In the fall of the city, in obedience to the Senate's orders the inhabitants were reduced to slavery or forced to emigrate, the town was burnt and
soil was

The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay
The era dominated by Roman empire is one the most well–known and influential periods of history, home to famous names from Julius Caesar to Jesus
Christ. At its height, Rome's territory stretched from the Atlantic coastline to the Middle East, reigning over 60 million people, one–fifth of the
population of the ancient world. However, the Roman empire's treatment of their conquered people's and their own citizens ultimately led to the
permanent downfall of Rome.
Even in the century before the official replacement of the Roman republic by the empire, Rome expanded immensely as a result of the Punic wars.
Rome fought the Punic Wars between 264 and 146 BCE against the nearby trade empire Carthage over the nearby island of Sicily, a...show more
content...
The Roman empire owed its existence to Julius Caesar's military genius and leadership. At the time of his birth, the Roman republic was rife with
corruption, losing touch with the people as Rome rapidly expanded. In addition, the republic suffered much unrest due to an excess of slave labor,
leaving many unemployed for the government to sustain with basic food and entertainment, or "bread and circuses." Caesar changed this, joining
partnership with two other prominent men, the wealthy Crassus and the general Pompey, to form the First Triumvirate. However, he quickly took the
reins of the new government, securing his position as dictator with many populist actions, such as distributing land to poor farmers. They, in turn,
showed loyalty toward their leader, providing unity and patriotism. The Roman empire was born into the perfect geographical and cultural
circumstances to rise to greatness.
The Roman empire suffered many problems throughout its rise and several centuries of subsequent power. To begin with, they dealt with many outside
invasions, including the Burgundians, Franks, Alemanni, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Visigoths, and Anglo
–Saxon peoples. The invaders considered most
barbaric were the Huns, which the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus describes as people who "surpass all other barbarians in the wilderness of
life." He further describes "they are so little advanced

The Roman Forum Essay
The Roman Forum The Forum Romanum, the Roman name for what we usually call the Roman Forum, was the center of the Roman Empire's power.
The Forum came into existence at a crossing of two important roads. One ran parallel to the Tiber River, the other perpendicular. From the beginning,
the Forum was required to satisfy two fundamental needs: the need for people to meet, and the need of them to exchange goods. The many separate
communities of the Italian peninsula where first united by the Etruscans in the seventh century B.C. Traditionally, these Etruscans always used a
central square for business matters. Tarquinius Priscus, the first Etruscan king, reclaimed the swampy valleys in the area that...show more content...
In the third century B.C., the time of the Punic wars, Roman power in the Mediterranean increased. This striving for power led to new building
projects and styles at the Forum in which Rome tried to display its power. In this time Rome started to turn the Forum into a monument.
During the period of 100 B.C. to 100 A.D., the Forum underwent some sweeping transformations, primarily caused by the downfall of the republic.
Its importance as a commercial center declined, and it was used more as political and administrative hub. However, government issues were no
longer public affairs, but rather controlled solely by the emperor. The Senate lost most of the power it used to possess, and The Comitium became
unnecessary. Furthermore, the Forum was not a meeting place for commoners anymore. It was seen as an area reserved for the inner circle, and was
controlled by the upper elite. This was largely started by the belief that the emperor possessed some sort of divine status.
In the two following centuries the Forum was still enriched with the temple of Antoninus and Faustina and the temple of Romulus, the arch of
Septimius Severus and the basilica of Maxentius. With the splitting up of the Roman Empire into an eastern– and a western part in 395 A.D., the power
of Rome declined considerably and with it the significance of the Roman Forum. Constantinople become the new 'center of the world.' The Forum
started to

Summary Of Andrea Roman's Essay We Re Not
In the essay "We're Not" Andrea Roman, is comparing two subjects in an unexpected way. She states her thesis in the beginning of paragraph 1. She
was contrasting her family's way of life with the way of life that she experienced childhood in. Since she was composing from her point of view in her
youth, the American culture that she experienced childhood in held the benefit of being better to her family's Bolivian culture.
2. I think that Roman's purpose was to contrast the American and Bolivian cultures and recognize that one cannot overcome the other, a person can be
a part of two different lifestyles and still categorize one's self with each. In Roman's piece she regularly relates her Bolivian side with her mom and her
American side with

The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay
The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire The Roman Empire was a beautiful place ruled by Augustus. The borders of the empire during the Pax
Romana measured 10,000 miles and enclosed an area of more than 3 million square miles, that's about the size of the United States today. The
population of the empire during this period was between 70 and 90 million people. The city of Rome itself was home to about one million people.
During the third century (A.D. 200–300), problems confronted the Roman Empire. The decline of the empire continued for almost 300 hundred years.
The Roman Empire was brought to its downfall because of the way their Social, Political, and Economic systems were working. Historians say that the
Roman Empire began to...show more content...
Advanced militarism attracted men looking for victory. The character of the soldiers changed from armed men fighting to defend their homes and
families to men signing up to fight as mercenaries. As demand increased for foreign goods, currency flowed out of Rome to foreign countries.
Rome and its people no longer believed in their empire, and didn't care much about family values anymore. The Economic issues were that they
had poor harvest. Food was scarce and people needed food so they went after it. There was a disruption of trade by barbarians and pirates on
Mediterranean Sea lanes. Since the war was over, there was no more war booty. Gold and silver were drained away to buy things from foreign
countries, this led to inflation, a drop in the worth of money and a rise in prices. The Roman road and bridge system fell out of order, causing a hurt in
trade. The crushing tax fell all upon the plebian class, who had no money to start with. Everything was quickly spiraling downhill. The Empire's
economy was worsened by its military problems. Tribes of northern barbarians called Goths overran the legions guarding the Danube frontier numerous
times. Instead of fighting for patriotism, Roman soldiers now fought for money. The government promised higher cash awards to attract recruits into
the army. Emperors started to recruit barbarians because they would

Roman Religion Essay
Religion played a significant role in the Roman civilization but, "many people believe that Rome was not a religious place. What they probably mean
is that it was not a moral place." (Burrell, 65) The Romans had innumerable gods that they worshiped which included giving gifts and sacrificing for
their gods. Sacrificing animals was common for ancient Roman civilization. The idea of sacrificing came from the people before the Roman Empire
was built. Religion primarily used sacrificing as a means of showing appreciation to the gods but later became a way to get things from the gods. The
increases in the expansion of Rome lead to an increasing number of sacrifices. Roman sacrifice was done in many different ways and there were
numerous...show more content...
Romans utilized praying to gods to make them successful or likely, not to make them better or nobler therefore, "Romans never seemed to mind how
many different beings they had to worship." (Burrell, 65) Romans would pray more often to increase the chance they had of their prayers being heard
by a god.
Romans sacrificed or offered gifts to gods, heroes and the dead to request assistance. There were six categories that they sacrificed for based on
motives, "fulfillment of a vow, thank offering, offerings made in the expectation of favours, sacrifices made at the instigation of the gods, sacrifices as
a result of divination and anniversary dedications." (Adkins)
The most common type of sacrifice was the fulfillment of a vow. Through this method, a person is requesting an action from a god a promise of a
sacrifice is made. The next method, a thank offering was a result of a favor granted freely. Offerings made in the expectation of favours is a
sacrifice would be made to a god and with anticipation of the request being granted, usually the request would be for the health of a given person.
Unlike the vow method the person doing the sacrifice is not expecting a guaranteed fulfillment. Sacrifices made at the instigation of gods are
preformed when a person felt that a sacrifice was necessary through a dream or another sign from a specific god. Sacrifices as a result of divination,
"were a result of consulting oracles." A person

The Roman Army Essay
The Roman Army The Roman army is still admired today by historians and many others alike. How far advanced technologically the Romans were
over 2000 years ago still amazes many people today. They built roads that a still used today, their baths are still admired with many still standing
and much of today's archaeology dates back to Roman and Greek principals. The Roman army itself was the most feared army of that period and it
too is a cause of fascination. Thankfully, due to the Romans writing a lot down, there are many sources (unlike in the "Dark Ages" for example)
available to study how the Roman army worked. In this project, the aim is to find out how the training and organization of the...show more content...
If you were a member of the auxilium then when you completed your service you would be given Roman citizenship. Therefore, the vast majority of
the soldiers in the army were there by choice. This therefore meant that the soldier's morale was kept high and mutinies were rare. A key reason for
the army's success was the training the legionaries received. The training was so hard that the soldiers became well disciplined and very fit. They
were trained to such a high level that most forces they came up against were swept away; this is illustrated in the following passage: "They [the new
recruits to the army] are also taught not to cut with their swords but to thrust. The Romans find it so easy to beat people who use their swords to cut
rather than thrust that they laugh in their faces." Vegetius, A Book About Military Affairs The method of thrusting their sword rather than cutting
allowed the soldiers much more manoeuvrability with their sword and made it much less unwieldy in a tight situation. It would take far less time for
the soldier to thrust his sword than wield it back and chop downwards onto the enemy. A new recruit would have to learn to march at regulation pace
for distances of up to 24 Roman miles (about 35km). Their physical training continued with swimming, running, jumping and by carrying heavy packs.
After the recruits were

Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire Essay
The Romans were on one of the greatest people of all. They had power, wealth, and even a half of the world. They built one of the strongest and vast
empire that world has ever seen. They came from nothing to something awesome. It started of as a city and ended up being one of the greatest empire
of all. This essay is going to focus on the Roman Empire from the rise to the fall and the government, architecture, mythology, Family Structure, and
Food of the Romans.
As the story goes, Rome was founding in 753 B.C. by two brothers Remus and Romulus who were raised by wolves. The two brothers started fighting
over the leadership of the land. Eventually Romulus killed Remus and took control own his own. The city was only a small settlement...show more
content...
The empire lasted for another 500 years until AD 476. During the first two centuries AD the empire flourished and added new territories, notably
ancient Britain, Arabia, and Dacia (present–day Romania). People from the Roman provinces came to Rome, where they became soldiers, bureaucrats,
senators, and even emperors. Rome developed into the social, economic, and cultural capital of the Mediterranean world. Despite the attention given to
tyrant and other vicious leaders, most emperors ruled sensibly and competently until military and economic disasters brought on the political instability
of the 3rd century A.D.
The Romans are famous for many things. One thing is their adaptation and development of architecture from other civilization. From the Etruscans and
early tribes the Romans got most of their basic architectural skills. From the Greeks some components of Roman architecture were adapted from the
Greeks. The heart of Roman architecture was the Roman forum, which was being constructed under the rule of Octavian Caesar. Eventually the Roman
architecture went into a stage in which all the buildings looked like the Greek buildings.
The Romans were polytheistic. The Roman religion believed in many gods. They had similar beliefs to the Greek gods, but also big differences. The
Roman mythology was to consist of twelve to thirteen main gods. Each of the gods has a function in the life of an everyday Roman that would require
some sort of worshipping. The

Roman Civilization Essay
The Roman Civilization is one of the most influential civilizations in human history. Many things, from militaristic strategies to the way we clean
ourselves stem from the Roman Civilization. While this period in time held a lot of the advances for humankind, I believe that most came under one
empire. I believe that ancient Rome was the most influential civilization in the Classical Era of World history.
The Roman Conquest came about around 753 B.C.E. Rome started as a kingdom, but about 240 years later became a republic. The Republic of Rome
lasted until 27 B.C.E until Augustus, formerly Octavius, declared it an empire. The empire lasted until a split occurred in 395 C.E. The empire was
split into the East, or the Byzantine Empire, and the West. The WesternRoman empire only lasted until around the year 480 C.E., when it fell to the
Germanic Visigoths. The Byzantine Empire, spearheaded by great leaders such as Constantine, Leo and Justinian triumphed on for much longer than
its relative to the west. The Byzantine Empire lasted until the Post–Classical era, falling in 1453 C.E. to the rising force of Sultan Mehmed II and the
Ottoman Empire. While Rome endured many political and social changes, it still lasted over two thousand years. Over the two thousand years it lasted,
the Roman population had peaked out from upwards of 50,000,00 to 100,000,00 citizens. During this reign the square mileage climbed to the enormous
amount of almost 2,000,000 square miles. While these numbers are enormous, the extent of Roman influence can be seen in many other places around
the world. These influences can especially be seen in the Modern day United States.
The political similarities between the United States of America and the Ancient Roman Civilization are very apparent. Consuls are the Roman example
of the president, or prime minister, the major difference was that there were two consuls at a time. Consuls were democratically elected and served one
year sentences. Consuls also were not the military leaders in Rome, unlike the President. This position was held by the dictator, another magistrate, or
elected individual. The consuls had the authority to veto decisions made by each other, and were primarily in charge

Roman City Planning Essay
Roman City Planning
The design and structure of a city is as important as the people who dwell within her walls. The placement of streets and the structures built there are
carefully plotted for optimal use. Foot and cart traffic, fire hazard, and access to water were all key factors in city planning. Eventually the Romans
had fine tuned their design principals in such an advantageous way that they molded all of their city states similarly.
Rome developed from the combination of small farming communities around a hilltop fortification. The city, which was founded before regularized
city planning, consisted of a confusing maze of crooked and gnarled streets. The focal point of which was the city's forum, the main meeting...show
more content...
(Owens, 154)
Towards the city's heavily trafficked center the Roman Forum was constructed for convenient easy access of all the citizens. The foreground of
the forum was occupied by a paved square with monuments to famous citizens. The temple to the Divine Julius, dedicated in 29 BCE to the deified
Caesar, built in a Hellenistic style, is located in the background on the left; to the right is the temple of Vesta and the house of the Vestal Virgins,
guardians of the everlasting flame; further to the right is the temple of the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux dedicated in 6 CE Here the office of weights
and measures was situated. The podiums of the temples of Caesar and the Dioscuri were often used as orators' platforms and it is in this part of the
Forum that the meetings of the comitia took place. On the far right is the Basilica Julia built by Caesar. Its long faГ§ade occupies the entire south side
of the Forum. (Owens, 154) Semi–circular in plan and having consisted of a tall stage building, theaters were a semi–circular orchestra and tiered
seating area. Unlike Greek theatres, which were built on natural slopes, they were supported by their own framework of piers and vaults and so could
be built anywhere and not where nature dictated. Amphitheatres (literally, 'double theatres') were elliptical in plan; with a central areana. (Bowra, 38)
The city's main temple, the capitolium, was built at the end

The Rise of Rome Essay
The Rise of Rome The Roman Republic began in 509 B.C.E. with the overthrow of the Etruscan monarchy. In 27 B.C.E the Roman Empire began with
Octavian Caesar becoming the emperor, this ended almost 500 years of republican self–government. There is much debate over why Rome became so
powerful so quickly. Many think it had to do with Rome's military strength. Others think that it was because Rome knew of and controlled most of the
trade routes. Still others believed it had to do with the technology that was advanced during the Roman Republic. All of these factors played significant
roles, but which one played the most important role? The military might of Rome was second to none in its prime. Victorious battle after battle did
...show more content...
The technological advancements of Rome were by far some of its greatest achievements. With such implementations and inventions and the great
aqueducts and the better and more advanced weapons and fighting styles the Romans clearly had an edge over their opposition. The ability to provide
fresh drinking water to all of its citizens is an accomplishment itself. The military advancements that the Romans created clearly made the difference in
many battles. In fact, it is argued that as soon as people such as the Visigoths started using this military technology the Romans were doomed.
Technology can definitely help sustain a civilization, but does it help create one? The question still arises and to which one of these things played the
most important role in the rise of Rome. There should not be any argument or question. You can't feed an army without the trade routes to bring in food
and money, but you can't keep the trade routes without and army to defend and capture them. Technology made the key difference in many battles that
strengthened Rome, but these battles would have never taken place if there weren't trade routes to fight over. Nor would this technology have ever
been put to use if there weren't battles to begin with. Each of these three items played an equally important role in the rise of Rome; they also played
an equally important role in sustaining the

Roman Architecture Essay
Roman Architecture
Many centuries before the birth of Christ, the city of Rome grew, prospered, and developed into a thriving Republic. As in most cultures, Rome's
buildings became more elaborate and impressive. They developed fantastic building technologies and ideas. The feats of Roman engineers were
groundbreaking, and many structures built by this culture still stand today. With knowledge borrowed from the Greeks, Rome made impressive
architectural achievements, these were namely major attributes of buildings, colossal structures, and a legacy that would influence later buildings
(Cornell and Matthews 11).
According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in about 753 BC, by a group of shepherds. It sat at an ideal...show more content...
The ancient Romans created and borrowed fundamental types of concepts that made up buildings. The ideas that the Romans borrowed were basic
ideas such as the column. A column is a vertical shaped pillar with the chief design concern of supporting a building. Most columns consist of three
parts, the base, the shaft, and the capital. The shaft is usually cylindrical in shape. The Greeks had three basic types of columns, Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian. All three types have narrow fillets on them. These were small vertical slits that ran the length of the column. The Romans modified the
column and added two types, Truscan and Composile. The columns became widely used in homes and temples in Greece and later in Rome
("Architecture").
The Romans also borrowed from the Greeks other major structural designs. On the top of a column on most temples and public buildings rested an
Entablature. This is a classic triangular shaped faГ§ade, or front of a building. The Entablature consists of four parts. The lowest part is the Architrave,
which sits on top of the capital or upper part of a column. On top of that, the frieze was typically decorated with horizontal bands. The Cornice forms
the upper part of the Entablature and extols beyond the frieze on the sides. On the very top sits a Pediment, a triangular segment between the lower
Entablature and the roof ("Architecture").
The Romans borrowed the

The Fall of the Roman Republic Essay
"The die is cast" – Julius Caesar
The expansion of Rome, the ruling of Julius Caesar and his death, and the civil war that followed his death all led to the collapse of the Roman
Republic.
The expansion of Rome created political, social, and economical changes. Politically, the government did not change to suit the expanding of Rome.
The economic changes were that poor farmers could not afford anymore to compete with the estates run by slaves, so they sold their land to the rich.
Most became urban poor, which meant they were homeless and jobless, and that the government gave them food. Social changes were that the
expansion widened the gap between the rich and the poor. This gap caused tensions between...show more content...
Julius created a calender with 365 days, and named the month of July after himself. He also planned to attack the Parthians. In 44 B.C, Julius was
elected dictator for life. The Senate agreed that Julius was acting as king, and plotted to assainate him. On March 15, 44 B.C, Julius Caesar was
assaninated by the Senate, led by Pompey.
In the arising chaos of Caesar's death, Mark Antony, Octavion, and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would end in the formation of the
Roman Empire. The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became angry that a small group of aristocrats had killed
Caesar, especially after Antony gave a dramatic applause that appealed to the common people, a reflection of public opinion following Caesar's
murder. About 43 B.C, the second triumvirate was formed between Octavion, Mark Antony, and Lepidus. Sometime after 43 B.C, Afterward, Mark
Antony married Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out
between Octavion and Antony. This final civil war resulted in the final ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name
Caesar Augustus, a name that raised him to status of an idol.
The fall of the Roman Republic was caused by the expansion of Rome, and it's class tension, the ruling of Julius Caesar, and all things that followed
Julius Caesar's

Roman Art Research Paper
Such a well known time in history, it is surprising that not much is known about Roman art. We only know the names of only a few artists, but we can
thank the eruption of Pompeii from framing Roman art that inspire even todays painters. Roman art was the start of a movement that would take over
the late 1800s: Realism. Roman art includes a vast number of mediums, including paintings and architecture. Origins of Roman Art You can find the
beginnings of Roman art within its predecessors; Greek and Etruscans Art. Many of the Roman art that you see have similarities to both cultures with
slight differences. The first piece of Roman art dates back to around 509 B.C within the beginning of the Roman Republic. The art encompasses a
variety of art...show more content...
The developed new structures such as the basilica, triumphal arc, and even the amphitheater. Today, you can find these structures in many different
places; the stadiums where many games are played is based on the amphitheater from the Romans. These structures were created dependent upon what
the Romans needed at that time. The Greeks began the order of sculptures. The main three styles were the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian models. The
Romans favored the Corinthian model the most and added on the model to make it more decorative. Columns at this time only was added for
decoration and could be detached at any time. Though not needed for maintain the structure of a building, the columns provided a traditional look. The
famous architect at the time is Vitruvius, mainly because that his book entitled On Architecture, a 10–volume study of architecture, remains intact
today. Little is known about his works, but we do know that he created a basilica in Fano and that he worked for Julius Caesar and

The World Of Antiquity, The Roman Empire Essay
In the world of antiquity, the Roman Empire (A.D. 117) was one of the roots of medieval Europe, where romans were at the top. They ruled this
enormous amount of lands, the center being the city of Rome and the leader being the roman emperor. The empire's extensive political, economic and
social structure became vital to the heritage of the Ancient Civilization. The emergence of sustainable agriculture, primitive technology, scholarly
writing and reading, and metalworking had developed stability, growth, and overall framework of civilization. Roman dominance prevailed for a long
period of time and influenced a great ordeal of cultural diversity amongst nations, introducing the rise of polytheistic and monotheistic religions;
particularly Christianity.
Religion played an important role in the daily lives of Ancient Rome. The official roman religion centered around many different gods, primarily, the
cults of Isis, Mithras, and Roma. These mystery religions were very well–known and prevalent in the western provinces. It connected and addressed
the common spiritual needs of the roman world. The most prominent icon was the statue of Mithras, the sun god. Worshipping Mirthas is the same as
acknowledging roman control. People were expected to follow only these particular religions otherwise emperors classify it as treason and uphold
executions upon them. Romans desired to spread this religious conformity to other parts of the world, intending to expand upon their domain. However,

Roman Mythology Essay
Roman Mythology
The ancient Greek and ancient Roman religion was the belief in gods.
They had similar beliefs, but also vast differences. They came from each other and gave their people a form of morality. It was composed of many
meaningful gods and goddesses that all played a part in the everyday life of the average
Roman and Greek person of that time. They believed in something called polytheism. It is the belief of many gods; each given a personality, function,
relationship to each other through family, and to be the subject of many myths and legends that were to be told for many of years to come. They were
to become the basis for a religion that would last for hundreds of years and would yield thousands of followers to believe...show more content...
She was originally said to be the daughter of the giant
Palla, but was later said to have sprung from the forehead of Jupiter fully armed and grown. (Grolier) That is said in both religions, but in the Greek
religion she is the goddess of the city, handicrafts, and agriculture. She is the inventor of the bridle, the trumpet, the flute, the pot, the rake, the plow,
the yoke, the ship, and the chariot. She represented reason, wisdom, and purity. Venus was the carrier of four things in the Roman religion as: Venus
Felix; bringer of luck; Venus Victrix, bringer of victory; Venus Verticordia, protector of female chastity; and Venus Libentina, patroness of sensual
pleasure. (Grolier) In Greek mythology as Aphrodite, she was the goddess of love, desire, and beauty. She is also said to have a magic girdle that
makes anyone she wishes to desire her. (www. hunt) Mercury was the messenger of the Roman gods. He darted around quickly with his winged shoes
and hat. He was also the god of merchants, science, astronomy, thieves, travelers, vagabonds, and of cleverness. (Grolier) In Greek mythology he is
also the god of thieves and messenger of the gods. He guides the dead to the underworld and was the inventor of the lyre, pipes, musical scale,
astronomy, weights and measures, boxing, gymnastics, and the carer of the olive trees. (www. hunt) Diana was at first a minor deity of the forest and
woodland, but was later known as a great hunter, patron of women, and the goddess

Times New Roman Essay
The typeface I chose for this research is Times New Roman. I like this typeface out of all the other. You can use this font in many different ads,
magazine, books, and etc. this font was first evented in Times New Roman is a Transitional serif typeface designed by Stanley Morison and Victor
Lardent. It was released through Monotype in 1931. The design was based off Plantin , but with a renewed focus on legibility and economy to better
meet the needs of newspaper typography. Times New Roman is one of the most ubiquitous typefaces of the digital publishing age due to it being the
default font for numerous word processing applications and web browsers. In Times New Roman's name, Roman is a reference to the regular style of a
conventional serif font. Times New Roman was a metal type created in the late sixteenth century by the French artisan Robert Granjon (The style is
called Antiqua in some countries.) I never new there was another name...show more content...
The font gives off a classic look. Times New Roman is not very suitable for on–screen usage although it is one the web–safe fonts. Times New Roman
has a big typeface family; there are 34 typefaces for Times New Roman. The typeface supports 33 different languages and a popular font for the
web, computers and devices. Although Times New Roman and Times are very similar, various differences developed between the versions marketed
by Linotype and Monotype when the master fonts were transferred from metal to photo and digital media. I have research that the height of Arial is
bigger. Times New Roman set at 12 point is virtually identical to 12 point Times New Roman set in metal, the PostScript Windows version of Times
New Roman has a shorter alphabet length. Strizver, %. (n.d.). TypeTalk: Times Roman vs Times New Roman. Retrieved September 24, 2017, from

The Ancient Roman Civilization

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The Ancient Roman Civilization