Recycling process

1. *
RECYCLING PROCESS OF
TEXTILE WASTE
PRESENTED BY:- SAGAR
PRESENTED TO :- ER. GOURAV GROVER
ROLL NO. :- 10BTD5090032
BRANCH :- TEXTILE ( 7th SEM. )

2. *
Textile recycling statistics
 Mankind used some 72 million tons of fibre in 2007, the increase
rate of 7-10%
 Per capita consumption of fiber in developed country is up to 40 kg
(in average 11 kg/capita);
 Textile recycling industry annually diverts only about 15-30% of the
total post-consumer annual textile waste;
 Textile recycling industry is able to process 93% of the waste
without the production of any new hazardous waste or harmful by-
products.

3. *
Pre-consumer waste
Post-consumer waste

4. *
Textile recycling

5. *
Methods of textile recycling:
 Second hand clothing
 Mechanical recycling
Fabrics to fibers (convertion to new products)
Re-melting (extrusion)
 Chemical recycling
hydrolysis,
methanolysis,
aminolysis,
pyrolysis
 Composting

6. *
Second hand clothing
 the export of clothing to un-developed countries has
threatened the traditional dress for many indigenous cultures
and at the same time may threaten the fledgling textile and
apparel industries of those countries.
 Second hand shops in UK
British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, Roy Castle
Lung Cancer Foundation, Age UK (formerly Age Concern
and Help the Aged), Oxfam, Save the Children, Scope and
Sue Ryder Care. Many local hospices also operate charity
shops to raise funds.

7. *
re-design of used clothing; current fashion trends are reflected by a team
of young designers who use and customize second-hand clothes for a
chain of specialty vintage clothing stores. This concept is common among
boutiques with a youth-oriented target market.
Convertion to new products (up-recycling)

8. *
Convertion to new products
(fiber2fiber)
breakdown of fabric to fiber through cutting, shredding, carding,
and other mechanical processes.
The fibers are re-engineered into value-added products
(stuffing, automotive components, carpet underlays, building
materials such as insulation and roofing felt, and low-end
blankets.
Basic construction of a card and its parts Carding action

9. *

10. *
Re-melting (extrusion)
 Melt processing by extrusion converts thermoplastic polymers into resin
pellets. If more than one type of polymer is blended together, the
process is also referred to as compounding (the resulting pellets are
called compounds).
 Plastics extrusion is a high volume manufacturing process in which
plastic material is melted and formed into a continuous profile. Extrusion
produces items such as pipe/tubing, fence, window frames, adhesive
tape, fibres,..

11. Plastics constitute between 14 and 22% of the volume of
solid waste
. In 1990, 1 to 2% of plastics, 29% of aluminum, 25% of paper, 7%
of glass, and 3% of rubber and steel as post consumer wastes
were recycled.
 Obviously, increasing the amount of plastics recycled would
appear to be the answer.
 However, a major handicap in the reuse of plastics is that
reprocessing adds a heat history, degrades properties and
makes repeat use for the same application difficult.

12.  In response to the contaminants issue in plastic recycling, plastic
products are being designed as "reuse-friendly".
 Another factor in the recycling equation is the economic trend of
increasing tipping fees at landfills.
The use of recycled plastics is only limited by the
imagination of the designers and end users of the plastics.

13. *
Chemical recycling (also called feedstock or tertiary
recycling)
Any type of technology that involves controlled chemical reactions during the
recycling process is defined as chemical recycling.
 unzipping depolymerisation back to monomers,
 step degradation to low molecular weigh (LMW) products through well-defined
chain linkage fissions,
 chain extension for molecular weight upgrading,
 pyrolysis with the formation of a complex mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid
products, and
 reactive blending of different polymers.

14. *
Chemical recycling
 The easiest to depolymerise are condensation-type resins (polyester, polyamide
(PA), polycarbonate (PC), etc.).
 Technologies for the breakdown of such polymers are: hydrolysis, glycolysis,
methanolysis, aminolysis, etc. are already proved, and are viewed as relatively
cost-effective.
 Depolymerisation of addition-type polymers (styrenics, acrylates, etc.) is of great
interest for monomer recovery by precisely unzipping the bonds
 The most difficult materials to chemically recycle are thermosets, because their
crosslinked molecules tend to resist chemical attack; in these cases pyrolysis has
been successfully carried out

15. *
Chemical recycling – the main advantages
 less need for sorting of raw materials compared to mechanical
recycling;
 the products of recycling are easily reintroduced into the
production cycle, without any problems of market saturation;
 chemical recycling preserves more value than combustion;
 when the crude products resulting from chemical breakdown can
be used without further purification, chemical recycling processes
are usually economically attractive, giving rise to a strong driving
force for recycling.

16. *
Chemical recycling – the main disadvantages
 when severe conditions are required to destroy the polymer chain,
the chemical plants must be built with special high cost materials;
 high investment costs;
 chemical plants should be sufficiently large to reduce operating
costs, but continuous feeding with huge amounts of plastic wastes
of constant quality may require too much expensive collection;
 monomers and useful oligomers can be obtained only from a
limited number of polymers that can undergo selective reactions
leading to high yields of valuable products.

17. *
Carpet recycling
Tufted carpet:
Face yarn (nylon)
Primary backing (PP)
Adhesive (CaCO3/latex)
Secondary backing (PP)
Two layers of backing (mostly polypropylene fabrics), joined by
calcium carbonate-filled styrene-butadiene latex rubber (SBR), and face fibers (the
majority being
nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 textured
yarns) tufted into the primary
backing.
Component mass/area for a typical carpet (glm2).
Total is 2224 g/m2

18. *
Carpet recycling
 the total fiber consumption in carpet industry (2001) was about
1.4 million tons: nylon 60%, olefin 29%, polyester 10%, and wool 0.3%.
 Among the nylon face fiber, about 40% is nylon 6 and 60% is nylon 6,6.
 The rate of carpet disposal is about 2-3 million tons per year in the USA,
and about 4-6 million tons per year worldwide.
 Nylon generally performs the best among all synthetic fibers as carpet
face yarn, but it is also the most expensive.
 Typical prices per kg for the plastic
resins are: nylon $2.50, polyester $1.20,
and polypropylene $0.75.
This price list provides a perspective
on the economics of recycling as well.

19. *
Carpet recycling
 Carpet collection involves collecting in individual stations,
sending the carpet to a regional warehouse, and then to the
processing facilities,
 sorting of carpets according to the type of the face fiber,
 a melting point indicator is an inexpensive instrument that can
identify most fiber types (slow and cannot distinguish between
nylon 6,6 and polyester),
 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy are much more effective

20. *
THANK YOU!