Webinar will cover:
• Types of Energy
• Units of Energy
• Model of Energy
• Why saving Energy
Presenter:
This session will be hosted by:
1)Tarek Belal Phd, in Mechanical Power Assistant Professor in Faculty of Engineers Pharos University , Egypt, and
2)Adel Belal Bsc in Electrical Engineer, Energy consultant since 2011.
3. Objectives
The purpose of the session is to provide the
basics of the energy knowledge for the auditors
who will be involved in the energy management
audits, as well as the implementers who are
willing to work in this field. This session will be
part of other several sessions to be presented
through PECP media.
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4. 44
Types of EnergyTypes of Energy
Mechanical,
Electromagnetic,
Electrical,
Chemical and
Thermal
7. 77
Electrical Energy
Energy caused by
the movement of
electrons
Easily transported
through power lines
and converted into
other forms of energy
8. 88
Chemical Energy
Energy that is available
for release from
chemical reactions.
The chemical bonds in
a matchstick store
energy that is
transformed into
thermal energy when
the match is struck.
10. 1010
Thermal Energy
Heat energy
The heat energy of an
object determines how
active its atoms are.
A hot object is one whose atoms and
molecules are excited and show
rapid movement.
A cooler object's molecules and
atoms will show less movement.
12. Units of EnergyUnits of Energy
Energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit
of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his
experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more
fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to1 newton-metre and, in terms
of SI base units.
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13. Units of EnergyUnits of Energy
The imperial/U.S. units for both energy and work include the foot-
pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (Btu) which has various
values in the region of 1055 J, and the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ).
ElectricityElectricity: particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one
kWh is equivalent to 3.6×106
J (3600 kJ or 3.6 MJ). Electricity usage is
often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr). This is actually
a measurement of average power consumption, i.e., the average rate
at which energy is transferred.
Natural gas:Natural gas: Natural gas in the US is sold in Therms or 100 cubic feet.
One Therm is equal to about 105.5 mega joules. In the rest of the
world, natural gas is sold in giga joules(GJ).
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14. Units of EnergyUnits of Energy
Food industry:Food industry: The calorie equals the amount of thermal
energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by
1 Celsius degree, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie
of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as
the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J. Food energy is
measured in large calories or kilocalories, often simply written
capitalized as "Calories" (= 103
calories or kCal).
Atom physics and chemistry:Atom physics and chemistry: In physics and chemistry, it is still
common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but
convenient, units electronvolts (eV). The Hartree (the atomic unit of
energy) is commonly used in calculations. Historically Rydberg units
have been used.
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15. Units of EnergyUnits of Energy
Explosions:Explosions: A gram of TNT releases 980–1100 calories upon explosion.
To define the tonne of TNT, this was arbitrarily standardized by letting
1000 thermochemical calories = 1 gram TNT = 4184 J (exactly).
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16. Model of EnergyModel of Energy
• Supplementing free solar energy
• 99% of heat comes from the sun
• Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0
C (-400 0
F)
• Supplement the other energy
• 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources
• Primary Source
• “Primary energy is energy embodied in sources where human induced extraction or
capture, with or without separation from contiguous material, cleaning or grading,
must be undertaken before the energy can be traded, used or transformed.”
• Secondary Source
• “Secondary energy should be used to designate all sources of energy that results
from transformation of primary sources”
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17. Model of Energy: Primary SourceModel of Energy: Primary Source
are those that are either found or stored in nature.
•Common primary energy sources are:
• coal, oil, natural gas, and
• biomass (such as wood).
•Other primary energy sources available include:
• nuclear
• energy from radioactive
• substances, thermal energy
• stored in earth’s interior, and
• potential energy due to earth’s gravity.
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18. Model of Energy: Secondary SourceModel of Energy: Secondary Source
•Primary energy sources are mostly converted in
industrial utilities into secondary energy sources;
for example:
•coal, oil or gas converted into
• steam and
• electricity.
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19. Model of Energy: Commercial EnergyModel of Energy: Commercial Energy
and Non Commercial Energyand Non Commercial Energy
The energy sources that are available in the market for a definite price are known
as commercial energy; the most important forms of commercial energy are:
• electricity,
• coal and
• refined petroleum products.
The energy sources that are not available in the commercial market for a price are
classified as non-commercial energy Example:
• Firewood, agro waste in rural areas;
• solar energy for water heating, electricity generation, for drying grain, fish and fruits;
• animal power for transport, threshing, lifting
• water for irrigation, crushing sugarcane;
• wind energy for lifting water and electricity generation
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20. 2020
Model of Energy: Renewable & Non-Model of Energy: Renewable & Non-
renewablerenewable
•Renewable (16%)
•Solar
•Wind
•Falling, flowing
water
•Biomass
•Non-renewable (84%)
•Oil
•Natural gas
•Coal
•Nuclear power
21. 2121
Model of Energy: ImportantModel of Energy: Important
Nonrenewable Energy SourcesNonrenewable Energy Sources
22. 2222
Model of Energy: Renewable energyModel of Energy: Renewable energy
sourcessources
•Solar
•Flowing water
•Wind
•Biomass
•Geothermal
•Hydrogen
23. 2323
Model of Energy: Using Solar Energy toModel of Energy: Using Solar Energy to
Provide HeatProvide Heat
Passive solar heating Active solar heating
Using Solar Energy to Provide Heat
24. 2424
Model of Energy: Using Solar EnergyModel of Energy: Using Solar Energy
to Provide High-Temperature Heat andto Provide High-Temperature Heat and
ElectricityElectricity
• Solar thermal systems
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells
25. Model of Energy: Producing ElectricityModel of Energy: Producing Electricity
from Moving Waterfrom Moving Water
• Large-scale hydropower
• Small-scale hydropower
• Tidal power plant
• Wave power plant
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26. 2626
Model of Energy: Producing ElectricityModel of Energy: Producing Electricity
from Windfrom Wind
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Model of Energy: Producing EnergyModel of Energy: Producing Energy
from Biomassfrom Biomass
•Biomass and biofuels
•Biomass plantations
•Crop residues
•Animal manure
•Biogas
•Ethanol
•Methanol
28. 2828
Model of Energy: Geothermal EnergyModel of Energy: Geothermal Energy
•Geothermal heat pumps
•Geothermal exchange
•Dry and wet steam
•Hot water
•Molten rock (magma)
•Hot dry-rock zones
29. Model of Energy: The HydrogenModel of Energy: The Hydrogen
RevolutionRevolution
•Environmentally friendly
•Extracting hydrogen efficiently
•Storing hydrogen
•Fuel cells
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
The sun warms us and gives us light
during the day.
31. 3131
Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
At night, and during the colder months, we
need light and warmth from other sources…
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
Since early times, people have lit fires ….
…. but fires make smoke, and are not
convenient in modern homes.
33. 3333
Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
The electricity which we
use is mostly made by
burning coal or gas in
power stations.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
… And our central heating boilers usually burn gas or oil.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
The trouble is, this makes lots of ‘greenhouse’
gases which scientists believe are warming up
the Earth and the air around it.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
The ice in the arctic is melting, and the polar
bears’ habitat is shrinking.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
In some hot countries, there is less rain,
and rivers are drying up.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
In places the land is becoming so dry that
the farmers can no longer grow crops.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
You can turn off the lights when you don’t
need them!
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
Suggest that the grown ups who do the shopping buy energy saving light bulbs.
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Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
Remind everyone to keep the
doors and windows shut when the
air conditioning is on, to keep the
temperature in.
42. Why Saving Energy ?Why Saving Energy ?
•Also maintain good maintenance procedures in your
factory
•Enhance the production processes
•Good management to company logistics procedures
•Maintain high production rate with same energy
consumptions
•others
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43. Benefits of Saving EnergyBenefits of Saving Energy
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1. Improved environmental quality
Reduce global warming
Reduce acid rain
1. Improved economic competitiveness
Reduce the cost of production
Reduce industrial energy intensity
Create jobs
1. Improved energy security
Reduce imports of oil
Reduce vulnerability to energy shortages
44. Why Do Companies Make MajorWhy Do Companies Make Major
Investments?Investments?
4444
1. To satisfy environmental regulations
2. To improve product quality
3. To improve productivity
4. To save energy – ( relates to the other three reasons )
45. Who Needs To Learn EnergyWho Needs To Learn Energy
Management?Management?
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1. Plant managers
2. Building/facility managers
3. Utility energy analysts
4. Government energy analysts
5. Consulting engineers
46. Environmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental Considerations
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The energy used by business and industry contributes
to:
Global environmental problems
(climate change, acid rain, and ozone depletion)
Energy security problems of a nation
Commercial and industrial energy use accounts for a large share of:
The CO2 released by burning fossil fuels
The SO2 emitted by stationary sources
47. Energy ManagementEnergy Management
Energy management is the use of engineering and economic principles to
control the cost of energy used to provide needed services in buildings and
industries:
Most savings in energy costs will come from improvements in energy
efficiency.
Some savings will come from changing the patterns of energy use, and
possibly shifting to other sources of energy.
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48. Energy Cost SavingsEnergy Cost Savings
4848
No-cost actions and maintenance
5 to 15 percent savings
Low-cost or short payback actions
15 to 30 percent savings
Higher-cost or longer payback actions
30 to 50 percent savings, or more