GE 6075 PROFESSIONALETHICS IN ENGINEERING UNIT HUMAN VALUES

GE 6075 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
UNIT 1 : HUMAN Values
UNIT II : Engineering Ethics
UNIT III : Engineering as a Social
Experimentation
UNIT IV : Safety, Responsibilities and
Rights
UNIT V : Global Issues
S.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,
KAMARAJ COLEGE OF ENGG.& TECH.,VIRUDHUNAGAR(NEAR)

COURSE OBJECTIVES
• 1 : To enable the students to create an awareness on
Human Values, to instill Moral and Social Values and Loyalty
and to appreciate the rights of others
• 2 : To provide basic knowledge about engineering Ethics,
Variety of moral issues and Moral dilemmas, Professional
Ideals and Virtues
• 3 : To provide basic familiarity about Engineers as
responsible Experimenters, Research Ethics, Codes of Ethics,
Industrial Standards, Exposure to Safety and Risk, Risk
Benefit Analysis
• 4 : To have an idea about the Collegiality and Loyalty,
Collective Bargaining, Confidentiality, Occupational Crime,
Professional, Employee, Intellectual Property Rights
• 5 : To have an adequate knowledge about MNC’s, Business,
Environmental, Computer Ethics, Honesty, Moral
Leadership, sample Code of Conduct.

COURSE OUTCOMES
• Summarizes the various Morals, Values, Ethics,
Integrity and other Human Values
• Examine the Senses of Engineering, its related
Theories and Models of Professional Roles
• Apply the Codes of Ethics for various Engineering
Experimentation in Design and Manufacturing
• Examine the various Risk, Safety, and Risk Benefit
Analysis for a Product/Service in an Organization
• Explain the Various Global Issues in Ethics and
Review the Responsibilities and Rights of
Professionals and Employees in an Organization

SYLLABUS
• UNIT 1 HUMAN Values
• Morals, values and Ethics – Integrity – Work
ethic – Service learning – Civic virtue –
Respect for others – Living peacefully –
Caring – Sharing – Honesty – Courage –
Valuing time – Cooperation – Commitment –
Empathy – Self confidence – Character –
Spirituality – Introduction to Yoga and
meditation for professional excellence and
stress management.

SYLLABUS
• UNIT II Engineering Ethics
• Senses of ‘Engineering Ethics’ – Variety of moral
issues – Types of inquiry – Moral dilemmas –
Moral Autonomy – Kohlberg’s theory – Gilligan’s
theory – Consensus and Controversy – Models
of professional roles - Theories about right
action – Self-interest – Customs and Religion –
Uses of Ethical Theories
• UNIT III Engineering as a Social Experimentation
• Engineering as Experimentation – Engineers as
responsible Experimenters – Codes of Ethics – A
Balanced Outlook on Law.

SYLLABUS
• UNIT IV Safety, Responsibilities and Rights
• Safety and Risk – Assessment of Safety and
Risk – Risk Benefit Analysis and Reducing Risk
- Respect for Authority – Collective
Bargaining – Confidentiality – Conflicts of
Interest – Occupational Crime – Professional
Rights – Employee Rights – Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) – Discrimination

SYLLABUS
• UNIT V Global Issues
• Multinational Corporations – Environmental
Ethics – Computer Ethics – Weapons
Development – Engineers as Managers –
Consulting Engineers – Engineers as Expert
Witnesses and Advisors – Moral Leadership –
Code of Conduct – Corporate Social
Responsibility

Introduction to Ethics
• Ethics is a system of moral principles governing
the appropriate conduct for a person or group
• Example of principle :Ethical standard : I buy
recyclable products as a matter of principle.
• Moral : Involving right and wrong : Relating to
issues of right and wrong and to how individual
people should behave
• Derived from personal conscience : Based on
what somebody's conscience suggests is right or
wrong, rather than on what rules or the law says
should be done

Moral (Continued)
• According to common standard of justice :
Regarded in terms of what is known to be
right or just, as opposed to what is officially
or outwardly declared to be right or just a
moral victory
• Encouraging goodness and decency : giving
guidance on how to behave decently and
honorably
• Good by accepted standards : good or right,
when judged by the standards of the average
person or society at large

Moral (Continued)
• Able to tell right from wrong : Able to
distinguish right from wrong and to make
decisions based on that knowledge
• Based on personal conviction : Based on an
inner conviction, in the absence of physical
proof
• Morals are the principles on which one's
judgments of right and wrong are based.
Ethics are principles of right conduct.

Values
• Monetary worth : an amount expressed in
money or another medium of exchange that is
thought to be a fair exchange for something
• Full recovered worth : the adequate or
satisfactory return on or recompense for
something
• Worth or importance : the worth, importance,
or usefulness of something to somebody
• Meaning : the worth, importance, or usefulness
of something to somebody
• Numerical quantity : numerical quantity
assigned to a mathematical symbolS.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Values and Ethics
• Acting in ways consistent with what society and individuals
typically think are good values.
• Ethical behavior tends to be good for business and involves
demonstrating respect for key moral principles that include
honesty, fairness, equality, dignity, diversity and individual
rights.
• Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct.
While they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are
different
• Ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g.,
codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions.
Morals refer to an individual's own principles regarding right
and wrong.

INTEGRITY
• Integrity :Possession of firm principles : The quality of
possessing and steadfastly adhering to high moral
principles or professional standards
• Integrity is the quality of being honest and having
strong moral principles, or moral uprightness
• Completeness : the state of being complete or
undivided
• Wholeness : the state of being sound or undamaged
• In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and
truthfulness or accuracy of one's actions. Integrity can
stand in opposition to hypocrisy,

WORK ETHICS
• Work ethic : a dedication to work, or belief
in the moral value of hard work
• In personal ethics, this principle requires that
one should not act according to any rule that
one would not wish to see universally
followed. For example, one should not steal
unless one would want to live in a world in
which everyone was a thief.

Ingredients of Work ethic
Following are requirements /indicators of good Work ethic
• Punctual
• Systematic
• Hardworking
• Honest
• Ability to Learn things Quickly
• Good team worker
• Trustworthy
• Self Confident
• Positive attitude
• Self-motivated
Every Employer is expecting the above from their employees
while they are doing their works

Service Learning
• Service learning is a credit-bearing, educational experience
that combines organized service activities with academic
study and thoughtful reflection to enhance learning of
course content and foster a sense of civic responsibility.
• Service activities, carried out in conjunction with community
partners, often provide students with practical experience in
their chosen fields.
• Community projects such as preparing meals for nursing
homes, sweeping trash from a parking lot, distributing
blankets at a homeless shelter..etc , do not address root
causes of problems, they do not achieve the kind of
structural change necessary both to eliminate a problem
entirely, and to provide young people with a sense of their
own ability to affect structural change

Service Learning
• Service-learning projects encourage students to
move beyond acts of charity to a deeper
analysis of systemic challenges facing
communities.
• At its best, service-learning improves student
learning by allowing students to gain further
understanding of course content, addresses
community needs, facilitates public debate and
dialog, and creates campuses that are true
partners with their communities.
• Perhaps most importantly, service-learning is a
key tool for engaging students in the democracy
and educating the citizens of today and
tomorrow.

Service Learning
• Community service differs from service-learning in that
volunteerism alone, outside of the context of a class,
emphasizes the service being provided and the benefits of the
service activities to recipients, and thus the focus is on charity
rather than systemic issues and social change.
• Service learning is not Social Service but Social Development.
Social Service is like giving fish to eat, Social development is
training people of Fishing so that they themselves get fish for
their livelihood
• While there might be meaningful service to the community,
and depending on the nature of the experience possibly also
purposeful civic learning, there is no enhanced academic
learning.
• Students must be provided structured opportunities to
critically reflect on experiences in order for meaningful civic
development and deeper commitments to society to develop.

Civic Virtue
• Civic virtue is morality or a standard of righteous
behavior in relationship to a citizen's involvement
in society.
• An individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting,
volunteering, organizing a book group, or attending
a PTA(Parent Teacher Association) meeting.
• Historic Roots. The Greek word for virtue is arete,
which means excellence.
• Virtue means :good quality, good feature, desirable
quality, good value, good worth, high merit,high
caliber

Civic Virtue
• Civic virtue deals with the duties and obligations
of belonging to a community
• Without an understanding of civic virtue,
citizens are less likely to look beyond their own
families, friends, and economic interests.
• They are less likely to help others in the
community, to volunteer their time, to give
money to nonprofit organizations, or to
participate in a group that benefits society

Civic Virtue
• Civic virtue helps people understand their
ties to the community and their
responsibilities within it. In many ways, an
educated citizen who possesses civic virtue is
a public good.

Respect for others
• Respect is a way of treating or thinking about
something or someone.
• If you respect your teacher, you admire him and
treat him well. ...
• When people are insulted or treated badly, they
feel they haven't been treated with respect. You
can respect things as well as people
• An example of respect is being quiet in a
cathedral, truly listening to someone speak.
• An example of respect is walking around, rather
than through, protected wilderness.

Tips that can help you earn more respect
• Be kind. Always be polite to everyone you meet
during the day, from your spouse and children
to your co-workers, to the checkout person at
the grocery store. ...
• Act respectfully. ...
• Listen well. ...
• Be useful. ...
• Don't make excuses. ...
• Let go of anger. ...
• Be willing to change.

To improve your relationships,
• whether business or personal, try these five
easy ways to show your gratitude and respect
for others:
• Listen. I know it sounds easy, but listening–truly
listening–can be one of the hardest skills to
master. ...
• Encourage. ...
• Congratulate. ...
• Be Helpful. ...
• Say Thank You

Living peacefully
• 1.Do Not Interfere In Others’ Business Unless Asked: Most of
us create our own problems by interfering too often in others’
affairs. We do so because somehow we have convinced
ourselves that our way is the best way, our logic is the perfect
logic and those who do not conform to our thinking must be
criticized and steered to the right direction, i.e. our direction.
This thinking denies the existence of individuality and
consequently undermines the Intelligence and Creativity that is
only attributed to Allah. Allah has created each one of us in a
unique way. No two human beings can think or act in exactly
the same way. All men or women act the way they do because
Allah has made each one of us different, with different
personalities. Be patient with one another, and mind your own
business and you will keep your peace.

Living peacefully
• 2.Forgive And Forget: This is the most powerful
aid to peace of mind, but also challenging to
achieve. We often develop ill feelings inside our
heart for the person who insult us or harm us.
We nurture grievances resulting in loss of sleep,
development of stomach ulcers, and high blood
pressure. We further aggravate stress in
ourselves by remembering, and reminding
ourselves of the very persons that caused us
harm. Get over this bad habit. Life is too short
to waste in such trifles. Forgive, forget, and
march on. Love flourishes in giving and
forgiving. S.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Living peacefully
• 3.Do Not Crave For Recognition: This world is
full of selfish people. They seldom praise
anybody without selfish motives. They may
praise you today because you are in power,
but no sooner than you are powerless; they
will forget your achievement and will start
finding faults in you. Why do you wish to kill
yourself in striving for their recognition? Do
your duties ethically and sincerely, and only
seek the pleasure of God

Living peacefully
• 4.Do Not Be Jealous: We all have experienced how
jealousy can disturb our peace of mind. You know that
you work harder than your colleagues in the office, but
sometimes they get promotions; you do not. You started
a business several years ago, but you are not as successful
as your neighbour whose business is only a one year old.
There are several examples like these in everyday life.
Should you be jealous? No. Remember, a person’s life is
shaped by their destiny, which becomes their reality. If
you are destined to be rich, nothing in the world can stop
you. And if you are destined to be poor, then no matter
what you do, you will only be what you are destined to
be. Nothing will be gained by blaming others for your
misfortune. Jealousy will not get you anywhere; it will
only take away your peace of mind.

Living peacefully
• 5.Change Yourself: If you try to change the environment
single-handedly, the chances are you will fail. Instead,
change yourself to suit your environment. As you do this,
even the environment, which has been unfriendly to you,
will mysteriously change and seem congenial and
harmonious.
• 6.Endure What Cannot Be Cured: Every day we face
numerous inconveniences, ailments, irritations, and
accidents that are beyond our control. If we cannot
control them or change them, we must learn to put up
with these things. We must learn to endure them
cheerfully. Believe in yourself and you will gain in terms of
patience, inner strength and will power.
• Endure means : bear, tolerate, continue, suffer, carryon
,go on

Living peacefully
• 7.Do Not Bite Off More Than You Can Chew: We
often tend to take more responsibilities than we
are capable of. This is done to satisfy our ego.
Know your limitations. Why take on additional
loads that may create more worries? You cannot
gain peace of mind by expanding your external
activities. Reduce your material engagements
and spend time in prayer, and introspection. It
will prevent you from thinking of matters that
upset you. An uncluttered mind is a peaceful
mind.

Living peacefully
• 8. Never Leave The Mind Vacant: An empty mind is the devil’s
workshop. Keep your mind occupied in something positive,
something worthwhile and negative thoughts will not plague your
mind. Actively follow a hobby, something that holds your interest.
You must decide what you value more: money or peace of mind.
Your hobby, like social work or religious work, may not always
earn you more money, but you will have a sense of fulfillment and
achievement. Even when you are resting physically, occupy
yourself in healthy reading or mental chanting of God’s name.
• 9. Do Not Procrastinate And Never Regret: Do not waste time in
protracted wondering, “Should I or shouldn’t I?” You can never
plan enough because you can never fully anticipate all future
happenings. Value your time and do the things that need to be
done now. It does not matter if you fail the first time, so long as
you don’t leave it for tomorrow. You can learn from your mistakes
and succeed the next time. Sitting back and worrying will lead to
nothing. DO NOT REGRET. Whatever happened was destined to
happen. Why cry over spilt milk?

Caring
• Caring allows to lead a life based on
affection, love and compassion for the
people around you.
• Caring others mean providing listening ear,
noticing when someone needs help and
helping your community without asking for
remuneration or reward
• Tips to develop caring
• Being polite, Being affectionate, Listening to
people & Treating others like you want to be
treated

Sharing
• Sharing is the joint use of resources or space
• Sharing is sharing of feelings, ideas ,
thoughts, resource, profit.
• Sharing is always beneficial.
• Sharing of money ,value gets depleted ,
where as sharing of knowledge gets
multiplied.

Honesty
• Honesty refers to a aspect of
moral character and exhibits positive and
virtuous attributes such as integrity,
truthfulness, straightforwardness, including
straightforwardness of conduct, along with
the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc.
• Honesty also involves being trustworthy,
loyal, fair, and sincere.

• Why honesty is always the best policy.
• Most of us use lies from time to time to
avoid difficult situations and hide our
feelings or intentions.
• However lying always comes with a price
whilst the truth is invaluable. ...
• You will feel better about yourself if you are
honest and open.

Benefits of a honest lifestyle:
• Closer friendships. Honesty and integrity pave
the way for greater intimacy. ...
• Higher quality friends. ...
• Trust. ...
• Confidence. ...
• Wellness – Honesty has been linked to less
colds, less fatigue, less depression, and less
anxiety.
• Less stress – Dishonesty needs to be
maintained.

• Almost everyone has been hurt at some
point because of a secret, a distorted truth, a
lie, and/or the discovery of something that
should have been talked about openly.
• Dishonesty hurts because it undermines the
relationship, breaks trust and is the opposite
of intimacy.

13 Ways to Demonstrate Honesty
• 1.Think before you speak.
• 2.Say what you mean and mean what you say.
• 3.Bend over backward to communicate in an open
and honest fashion.
• 4.Simplify your statements so that everyone clearly
understands your message.
• 5.Tell it like it is rather than sugarcoating it.
• 6.Present both sides of each issue to engender
objectivity.
• 7.If you have a personal bias or a conflict of interest,
make it known.

13 Ways to Demonstrate Honesty
• 8.Tell people the rationale behind your decisions so that
your intent is understood.
• 9.If something is misinterpreted, quickly correct the
record.
• 10.Don’t shoot the messenger when someone tells you
the truth. Thank them for their honesty and treat the
information provided as a gift.
• 11.Willingly accept responsibility by admitting a mistake
or an error in judgment — in a timely fashion.
• 12.Hold people accountable when their words do not
match their actions.
• 13.Never compromise your integrity and reputation by
associating yourself with people whose standards of
integrity you mistrust

Courage
• Courage (also called bravery ) is the choice and
willingness to confront agony, pain, danger,
uncertainty, or intimidation.
• Physical courage is bravery in the face of
physical pain, hardship, death or threat of
death,
• while moral courage is the ability to act rightly
in the face of popular opposition, shame,
scandal, discouragement, or personal loss.

• virtues into two categories as artificial virtues and natural
virtues. courage is a natural virtue.
• In the Treatise's section Of Pride and Humility, Their Objects
and Causes, Hume clearly stated courage is a cause of pride:
"Every valuable quality of the mind, whether of the
imagination, judgment, memory or disposition; wit, good-
sense, learning, courage, justice, integrity; all these are the
cause of pride; and their opposites of humility
• Hume also related courage and joy to have positive effects
on the soul: "(...) since the soul, when elevated with joy and
courage, in a manner seeks opposition, and throws itself
with alacrity into any scene of thought or action, where its
courage meets with matter to nourish and employ it“.
• Courage defends us, but cowardice lays us open to every
attack S.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Valuing Time
• TO REALIZE THE WORTH OF
• ONE YEAR – Ask a Student who FAILED in a Grade
• ONE MONTH- Ask a Mother who gave birth a premature Baby
• ONE WEEK - Ask the Editor of a weekly Magazine
• ONE DAY - Ask a daily wages labourer missed a day’s job
• ONE HOUR – Ask the Lovers who are waiting to meet
• ONE MINUTE – Ask a Person who missed the Train
• ONE SECOND – Ask a person who just avoided an accident
• ONE MILLI SECOND –Ask P.T. USHA who missed Olympics MEDAL

YESTER DAY IS HISTORY
TOMMORROW IS MYSTERY
TODAY IS A GIFT
THAT’S WHY IT IS PRESENT
• TIME - A NON RENEWABLE ONE
• ONCE IT IS GONE, IT IS GONE
• WE CAN’T GET BACK IT AGAIN

Managing time
1. Anaylse where your time goes
2. Decide where your time should go
3. Identify time wasters
4. Master time wasters

ANALYSE WHERE YOUR TIME GOES
1. DAILY TIME LOG
- TIME (S/E) - ACTIVITY - OUTCOME
2. WEEKLY LOG
ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN
PROGRESS MADE
3. MONTHLY LOG
PROGRESS MADE
4. YEARLY LOG
PROGRESS MADE

Decide where your time should go
PRIOTISING
IMPORTANT & URGENT
IMPORTANT & NOT URGENT
NOT IMPORTANT & URGENT
NOT IMPORTANT & NOT URGENT
ROUTINE

TIME WASTERS
FRIENDS
TELEPHONE
MEETINGS
RAIN
WIND
FLOOD

TIME WASTERS
RADIO
TELEVISION
CINEMA /DRAMA
ILL HEALTH
POWER FAILURE
SUPERSITIOUS FEELINGS

TIME WASTERS
ACCIDENT
BREAK DOWN
SLEEP
LAZINESS
CHATTING
WAITING

TIME WASTERS
FUNCTIONS
FORMALITIES
TRAVEL
NET BROWSING
COMPUTER
CELL PHONE
RELATIVES

Tackling Time Wasters
• First, learn to recognize when you are wasting time
• Decide what you NEED to do and REALISTICALLY do
• Learn how to say “NO” when you don’t have time
• Use pre worded SMS when you are busy and make
return calls at your convenience if needed
• Learn to say “ I can’t talk right now, I will get back
to you”
• Wasting time is often linked to a lack of self
discipline.
• Ask yourself “Do I really need to do this or not”

TIPS – MASTER /MANAGE TIME WASTERS
A RRANGE ACTVITIES
B EGIN BIT EARLY
C ONCENTRATE IN PRIME TIME
D ELEGATE THE DELEGATABLE
E LIMATE WASTEFUL ACTS

F LEXIBLE TO SITUATION
G ATHER ENOUGH INFORMATION
H ANDLE TIME EFFICIENTLY
I NTRODUCE APPOINTMENT
J OIN THE POSSIBLE WORKS

K NOW CAUSES OF DELAY
L IST ACTVITIES DAILY
M ANAGE BY OBJECTIVES / EXCEPTION
N O TO NOT POSSIBLE
O RIENT YOUR STAFF

P UNCTUALITY BY ALL
Q UEING QUERIES & ANSWER
R EADY TO MEET UNEXPECTED
S YSTEMATISE WORKS & STEPS
TALK LESS

Cooperation
• Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms
working or acting together for common, mutual,
or some underlying benefit, as opposed to
working in competition for selfish benefit.
• Humans cooperate for the immediate benefit,
genetic relatedness, and reciprocity.
• In situations where reputation and status are
involved, humans tend to cooperate more.
• Encouraging cooperative behavior reduces
complexity and increases management
performance

• Cooperation is a process by which the components of a system
work together to achieve system’s goal.
• Individual components that appear to be "selfish" and
independent work together to create a highly complex, greater-
than-the-sum-of-its-parts system.
• Individual action on behalf of a larger system may be coerced
(forced), voluntary (freely chosen), or even unintentional, and
consequently individuals and groups might act in concert even
though they have almost nothing in common as regards
interests or goals.
• Examples market trade, military wars, families, workplaces,
schools and prisons, and more generally any institution or
organization of which individuals are part (out of own choice,
by law, or forced)S.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Commitment
• The state or quality of being dedicated to a cause,
activity, etc.
Ex:"the company's commitment to quality”
• Commitment is dedication, devotion, allegiance,
loyalty, faithfulness, fidelity, bond, adherence to
work
Ex : "her commitment to her students continued
undiminished"
• Commitment is an engagement or obligation that
restricts freedom of action.
Ex:"with so many business commitments time for
recreation was limited"S.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Commitment
• It is an agreement or pledge to do something in the
future.
Ex: A commitment to improve conditions at the
prison ; engagement in a new assignment to meet a
financial obligation at a future date.
• Commitment may refer to:
 Promise, or personal commitment
 Contract, a legally binding exchange of promises
 Brand commitment
 Climate commitment, a model of climate change
 Capital commitment, the capital committed by a Limited
Partner in a Private Equity Fund or Real Estate FundS.PALANIVEL ASSOCIATE PROF./MECH,

Empathy
• Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel
what another person is experiencing from
within their frame of reference, i.e., the
capacity to place oneself in another's position.
• It also is the ability to feel and share another
person's emotions. Some believe that
empathy involves the ability to match
another's emotions, while others believe that
empathy involves being tenderhearted toward
another person.

YOGA
• Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or
disciplines which originated in ancient India.
• There is a broad variety of yoga schools, practices, and goals
in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
• Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga
and Rāja yoga
• The origins of yoga have been speculated to date back to pre-
Vedic Indian traditions; it is mentioned in the Rigveda, but
most likely developed around the sixth and fifth centuries BC
• The chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is
unclear, varyingly credited to Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of
Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium
Common Era, but only gained prominence in the West in the
20th century.

• Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the West,following
the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th
century. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical
exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions,
however, is more than physical exercise; it has a meditative and
spiritual core.
• According to Jacobsen, Yoga has five principal meanings:
 Yoga, as a disciplined method for attaining a goal;
 Yoga, as techniques of controlling the body and the mind;
 Yoga, as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy
(darśana);
 Yoga, in connection with other words, such as "hatha-, mantra-,
and laya-," referring to traditions specialising in particular
techniques of yoga;
 Yoga, as the goal of Yoga practice.

• Yoga, is a meditative means of discovering dysfunctional
perception and cognition, as well as overcoming it for
release from suffering, inner peace and salvation;
illustration of this principle is found in Hindu texts such as
the Bhagavad Gita and Yogasutras, in a number of Buddhist
Mahāyāna works, as well as Jain texts;
• Yoga, as the raising and expansion of consciousness from
oneself to being coextensive with everyone and everything;
these are discussed in sources such as in Hinduism Vedic
literature and its Epic Mahābhārata, Jainism
Praśamaratiprakarana, and Buddhist Nikaya texts;

• Yoga, as a path to omniscience and enlightened consciousness
enabling one to comprehend the impermanent (illusive,
delusive) and permanent (true, transcendent) reality; examples
are found in Hinduism Nyaya and Vaisesika school texts as well
as Buddhism Mādhyamaka texts, but in different ways;
• Yoga, as a technique for entering into other bodies, generating
multiple bodies, and the attainment of other supernatural
accomplishments; these are, states White, described in Tantric
literature of Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as the Buddhist
Sāmaññaphalasutta;
• James Mallinson, however, disagrees and suggests that such
fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's
goal as meditation-driven means to liberation in Indian
religions.

GE 6075 PROFESSIONALETHICS IN ENGINEERING UNIT HUMAN VALUES

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