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BIOFARMASETIKA
TIM DOSEN TEKNOLOGI FARMASI
FFS UHAMKA
SEMESTER GENAP 2021-2022
Pendahuluan
Biofarmasetika : ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan sifat
fisikokimia-formulasi obat terhadap bioavailabilitas obat (in vtro-
in vivo) dan sistem penghantaran obat dalam tubuh pada kondisi
normal maupun kondisi patologis.
Drug studies
Drug Discovery
Preformulation
Formulation
Biopharmaceutic
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Therapy
Objectives
Biopharmaceutis : (Woolf, 1981)
• Pharmaceutics : preparations, use, or dispensing medicines
• Bio : relating to living organism or tissues
Sciences of preparing, using
and administering drugs to
living organism or tissues
ADME
BIOFARMASI
ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI HUBUNGAN ANTARA :
(1) SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA ZAT AKTIF,
(2) FAKTOR FORMULASI SEDIAAN OBAT (DOSAGE FORM)
DAN
(3) FAKTOR TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN SEDIAAN OBAT,
DENGAN
BERBAGAI PROSES YANG DIALAMI OBAT DALAM TUBUH
SAMPAI ZAT AKTIF MASUK KE DALAM SISTEM
PEREDARAN DARAH: LIBERASI, DISOLUSI, DIFUSI,
TRANSFER, ABSORPSI.
APLIKASI
•kinerja (performance)
✓efektif, cepat bekerja
✓menghindari
terjadinya efek
samping
✓bekerja dalam jangka
waktu yang diinginkan
✓dosis efisien
mendapatkan
sediaan obat
(drug dosage
form) yang
memiliki :
• Perjalanan obat dalam tubuh dapat dibagi dalam fase:
• Tahapan Biofarmasetik:
i. Liberasi (Pelepasan)
ii. Disolusi (Pelarutan)
iii. Absorpsi
• Tahapan Farmakokinetika:
ADME
Obat Fase
Biofarmasetik
Fase
Farmakokinetik
Fase
Farmakodinamik
Fase Biofarmasetika
dipengaruhi oleh:
•Rute pemberian obat
•Dosis dan frekuensi pemberian obat
•Sifat fisikokimia zat aktif
•Bentuk sediaan
Absorpsi
Sistemik
Rute pemberian Obat
• Tiap rute pemberian obat harus memperhatikan pertimbangan
biofarmasetik dalam rancangan produk sediaan.
• Mis: formulasi sediaan mata harus mempertimbangkan pH,
isotonisitas, sterilitas dan iritasi lokal.
• Rute pemberian obat terdiri atas:
✓Ekstravaskular
✓Intravaskular
Sifat fisiko-kimia zat aktif:
Kelarutan, ukuran partikel, bentuk
kristal, sifat asam/basa, dll
Faktor formulasi:
Jenis dan jumlah eksipien yang digunakan
(bahan penghancur tablet, pengikat tablet,
pengisi tablet, basis supositoria, dll.)
Faktor teknologi:
Kekuatan pencetakan (untuk
sediaan tablet), cara dan lama
waktu pencampuran bahan,
dll.
• Faktor formulasi yang mempengaruhi kecepatan melarutnya zat aktif
salah satunya adalah penambahan eksipien.
• Penambahan eksipien bertujuan untuk:
❖ menghasilkan sifat dan bentuk tertentu obat dan bentuk sediaannya.
❖ untuk meningkatkan kompresibilitas bahan aktif, meningkatkan
kestabilan bahan aktif, mengontrol laju absorpsi, serta meningkatkan
bioavailabilitas obat.
• Absorpsi (Penyerapan)
➢Absorpsi adl masuknya molekul obat dari tempat pemberian ke jalur
sistemik setelah melewati membran biologis.
➢ Absorpsi hanya terjadi terhadap molekul obat dalam keadaan terlarut.
➢ Kecepatan absorpsi ditentukan oleh tahap Pelepasan dan Pelarutan.
➢ Tahap yang paling lambat menjadi tahap penentu kecepatan absorpsi =
Rate limiting step.
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi absorpsi
Absorpsi
Faktor bentuk
sediaan
Sifat fisika
kimia Z.A
Faktor fisiologis
PROSES BIOFARMASETIK YANG DIALAMI
OBAT DALAM TUBUH :
Pelepasan
(liberation)
Pelarutan
(dissolution)
Transfer
Difusi
(diffusion)
Absorpsi
(absorption)
I. PROSES PELEPASAN (LIBERATION)
MEKANISME YANG TERJADI TERGANTUNG
KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF DALAM SEDIAAN:
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERCAMPUR SECARA FISIK
(BENTUK SEDIAAN PADAT: TABLET)
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERLARUT DALAM PEMBAWA
(SUPOSITORIA, SALEP)
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERDISPERSI (SUSPENSI,
EMULSI)
I. PROSES PELEPASAN (LIBERATION)
MEKANISME YANG TERJADI TERGANTUNG
KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF DALAM SEDIAAN:
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERCAMPUR SECARA FISIK
(BENTUK SEDIAAN PADAT: TABLET)
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERLARUT DALAM PEMBAWA
(SUPOSITORIA, SALEP)
❑ ZAT AKTIF TERDISPERSI (SUSPENSI,
EMULSI)
► Mekanisme proses pelepasan yang terjadi
berbeda-beda untuk tiap bentuk sediaan
► Lepasnya zat aktif dari pembawa bisa dalam
keadaan/bentuk partikel yang belum terlarut
(dari tablet), bisa sebagai bentuk molekul (dari
supositoria basis lemak dimana zat aktif
terlarut dalam basis)
Pelepasan dari sediaan TABLET
TABLET INTI (TIDAK BERSALUT)
DISINTEGRATION I
POWDER (DRUG AND EXIPIENT)
GRANUL
DISINTEGRATION II (LIBERATION)
TABLET SALUT
PELARUTAN PENYALUT
Mekanisme penghancuran Tablet
❑PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN
PENGHANCUR
❑REAKSI KIMIA (PEMBEBASAN
GAS CO2)
❑PENGIKISAN
BAHAN PENGHANCUR TABLET YANG
MENGEMBANG :
➢ PATI/AMILUM (SINGKONG, BERAS,
DLL.)
➢ PATI YANG DIMODIFIKASI (PRE-
GELATINIZED)
➢ AC-DISOL
➢ DLL.
BAHAN PENGHANCUR KARENA
REAKSI
KIMIA:
➢ NATRIUM BIKARBONAT
Mekanisme hancurnya supositoria
❑ MELELEH PADA SUHU TUBUH
(PEMBAWA LEMAK, SEPERTI OL.
CACAO)
❑ MELARUT DALAM CAIRAN REKTAL
(SEPERTI BASIS PEG)
Pelepasan dari supositoria
❑ HANCURNYA PEMBAWA (MELELEH ATAU MELARUT)
❑ PARTISI DARI PEMBAWA KE CAIRAN REKTAL DIIKUTI
PROSES DIFUSI DALAM PEMBAWA (JIKA TERLARUT
DALAM PEMBAWA UNTUK KASUS PEMBAWA
SUPOSITORIA BASIS LEMAK SEPERTI OLEUM CACAO)
DAN DALAM CAIRAN REKTAL DARI KONSENTRASI
TINGGI KE KONSENTRASI RENDAH
Pelepasan dari
sistem dispersi
emulsi
(zat aktif
terlarut dalam
fase internal)
• TERJADI PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF DARI FASE EKSTERNAL
KE CAIRAN TUBUH TEMPAT PEMBERIAN OBAT
BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN
PARTISI.
• TERJADINYA PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF KE MEDIUM LAIN
DIIKUTI PROSES PERPINDAHAN/DIFUSI MOLEKUL ZAT AKTIF
DALAM MEDIUM PEMBAWA DARI KADAR TINGGI KE KADAR
RENDAH.
Pelepasan dari sistem dispersi suspensi
❑ PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF DARI SUATU MEDIUM
PEMBAWA OBAT/SEDIAAN YANG JENUH DENGAN ZAT
AKTIF KE MEDIUM LAIN (CAIRAN TUBUH PADA TEMPAT
PEMBERIAN OBAT) BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN
KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN PARTISI.
❑ PERPINDAHAN TERJADI PADAANTAR-PERMUKAAN.
❑ TERJADINYA PERPINDAHAN KE MEDIUM LAIN DIIKUTI
PROSES PELARUTAN ZAT AKTIF DAN PROSES DIFUSI
DALAM MEDIUM PEMBAWA.
II. PROSES PELARUTAN/DISOLUSI
❑ PROSES PELARUTAN/DISOLUSI TERJADI
JIKA ZAT AKTIF DALAM KEADAAN TIDAK
TERLARUT DALAM SEDIAAN (MISALNYA
DISPERSI DALAM PEMBAWA MINYAK).
❑ PROSES PELARUTAN TERJADI DALAM
PEMBAWA SEDIAAN ATAU SETELAH
LEPAS DARI SEDIAAN (MISALNYA DARI
SEDIAAN TABLET.
Proses pelarutan/disolusi
❑ HUKUM FICK:
❑ HUKUM NOYES & WHITNEY:
. ( )
dm
k S Cs C
dt
= −
.
( )
dC D A
Cs C
dt h
= −
III. PROSES DIFUSI
❑ TERJADI DALAM SUATU MEDIUM
DALAM KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF
TERLARUT DALAM MEDIUM.
❑ MOLEKUL ZAT AKTIF BERGERAK DARI
KADAR TINGGI KE KADAR RENDAH.
Proses difusi suatu molekul dalam
suatu medium
MENGIKUTI HUKUM STOKE-EINSTEIN :
K’= TETAPAN BOLTZMAN
T= SUHU MUTLAK MEDIUM
R= JARI-JARI MOLEKUL
= KEKENTALAN/VISKOSITAS MEDIUM
'.
6 . .
k T
D
r
 
=
IV. PROSES PERPINDAHAN/TRANSFER
❑PERPINDAHAN ZAT DARI SUATU MEDIUM KE
MEDIUM LAIN BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN
KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN PARTISI.
❑TERJADI PADAANTAR-PERMUKAAN
Physicochemical Properties for Consideration in Product
Design
pKa & pH
profile
Necessary for optimum stability & solubility of
the final product
Particle Size May affect the solubility of the drug & therefore
the dissolution rate of the product
Polymorphism The ability of a drug to exist in various crystal
forms may change the solubility of the drug. The
stability of each form is important, because
polymorphs may convert from one to another.
Hygroscopicity Moisture absorption may affect the physical
structure as well as stability of the product.
Physicochemical Properties for Consideration in
Product Design
Partition
Coefficient
Give some indication of the relative affinity of the
drug for oil & water. A drug that has high affinity for
oil may have poor release & dissolution
Excipient
Interaction
Compatibility of the excipients with the drug
Sometime trace elements in excipients may affect the
stability of the product. Specification is important
pH Stability
Profile
Stability of solutions is often affected by the pH of
vehicle. pH in the stomach & gut is different, know-
ledge of stability would help to avoid degradation
Solubility, pH, & Absorption
pH environment of the GIT varies from acidic in the
stomach to slightly alkaline in the small intestine
A basic drug is more soluble in an acidic medium
Solubility may be improved with the addition of an
acidic or basic excipient
Buffering agent may be added to slow or modify the
release rate of a fast dissolving drug
Controlled release drug product must be a non
disintegrating dosage form.
Stability, pH, & Absorption
• If drug decomposition occurs by acid or based
catalysis, some prediction for degradation of the
drug in GIT may be made
• Erythromycin decomposition occurs rapidly In
acidic medium. It has to be enteric coated to protect
against acid degradation in the stomach
Particle Size & Absorption
• Surface area of the drug is increase enormously by
a reduction in the particle size. The greater the
surface area the more rapid the rate of diss
• Particle size & distribution studies are important
for drug that have low water solubility. Many
hydrophobic drugs are very active IV-ly but are not
very effective orally due to poor absorption.
Particle Size & Absorption
• Griseofulvin, nitrofurantoin & many steroids are drug
with low aqueous solubility; micronized form has
improved absorption.
• Smaller particle size results in an increase in the
surface area, enhances water penetration, an increases
the dissolution rates.
• A disintegrant may be added to the formulation to
ensure rapid disintegration
• Surface-active may increase wetting & solubility
Polymorphic Crystals, Solvates, & Absorption
• Polymorphism (drug in various crystal forms). Same
chemical structure but different physical properties
• Crystals have lower solubility than the amorphous
• Chloramphenicol, has several crystal forms, when given
as a suspension, the conc is dependent on % of β-
polymorph. β-form is more soluble & better absorbed
• Crystal form has the lowest free energy is the most
stable. A drug that exists as an amorphous form,
dissolves more rapidly than rigid crystalline form
Polymorphic Crystals, Solvates, & Absorption
Some polymorphs are metastable, a change in
crystal form may cause problems in
manufacturing. A change in the crystal structure
may cause cracking in a tablet.
Some drugs interact with solvent to form a
crystal called solvate.
Water may form a special crystal called hydrates.
Erythromycin hydrates have different solubility
compared to the anhydrous form.
Ampicillin 3H2O was reported to be less
absorbed than the anhydrous forms.
FAKTOR FORMULASI YG
MEMPENGARUHI DISOLUSI
Penambahan eksipien
• Untuk menghasilkan sifat dan bentuk tertentu
obat dan bentuk sediaannya
• Untuk meningkatkan kompresibilitas bahan aktif,
kestabilan thd penguraian, mengurangi iritasi GIT,
kontrol laju absorbsi, meningkatkan bioavalabilitas
obat
Common Excipients Used
Lactose Diluent
Dibasic calcium phosphate Diluent
Starch Disintegrant, diluent
Microcrystalline cellulose Disintegrant, diluent
Mg stearate Lubricant
Stearic acid Lubricant
Hydrogenated vegetable oil Lubricant
Excipients Used in Solid
Talc Lubricant
Sucrose (solution) Granulating agent
PVP (solution) Granulating agent
HPMC Tablet-coating agent
Titanium dioxide Combined with dye as colored coating
Methylcellulose Coating or granulating agent
CAP Enteric coated agent
Excipients Used in Oral Liquid
EXCIPIENT PROPERTY
Sodium CMC Suspending agent
Tragacanth Suspending agent
Sodium Alginate Suspending agent
Xanthan gum Thixotopic suspending agent
Veegum Thixotopic suspending agent
Sorbitol Sweetener
Excipients Used in Oral Liquid
Alcohol Solubilizing agent, preservative
PEG Solubilizing agent
Methyl, propyl-paraben Preservative
Sucrose Sweetener
Sucrose Sweetener
Polysorbates Surfactant
Sesame oil, Corn oil For emulsion vehicle
Excipient may affect dissolution
Mg stearate, may repel H2O & reduce dissolution
when used in large quantities. Coatings, particularly
shellac upon aging can decrease the dissolution rate.
Low concentration of surfactants decrease the
surface tension & increase the rate of drug
dissolution. Higher surfactans concentration tend to
form micelles with the drug & decrease the
dissolution rate.
Large drug particles have a smaller surface area
dissolve more slowly than smaller particles.
High compression of tablets without sufficient
disintegrant may cause poor disintegration.
Excipient may affect dissolution
NaHCO3 may change the pH of the medium. Aspirin, a weak acid
when formulated with NaHCO3 will form a water-soluble salt, in
which the drug rapidly dissolves.
Excipients in a formulation may interact directly with the drug to
form a water soluble/insoluble complex.
If tetracycline is formulated with CaCO3, an insoluble complex of
Ca tetracycline is formed that has a slow rate of dissolution & poor
absorption.
Excipients
That increase the solubility of the drug increase the rate of
dissolution & absorption
May increase retention time drug in GIT & increase absorption
May act as carries to increase drug diffusion across the
intestinal wall. Many excipients may retard dissolution &
absorption.
Various excipients that are pharmacodynamically inert but that
functionally enhance the drug & the dosage form
Tablets: diluent (lactose); disintegrant (starch); lubricant (Mg
stearate ); binding & stabilizing agents. Improperly used: the
rate & extent of absorption may be affected.
Increasing the amount of disintegrant may overcome the
retarding effect of lubricant on dissolution. Some poorly
soluble drugs increase in disintegrant level has little effect on
dissolution because the fine drug particles are not wetted
References
Shargel, L. & Yu, A. (2016). Applied Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics. 4th Ed. New York: Appleton & Lange.
Paradkar, A.R. & Bakliwal, S.R. (2008). Biopharmaceutics &
Pharmacokinetics.
Wagner, J.G. (2008). Biopharmaceutics and Relevant
Pharmacokinetics. Drug Intelligen Publications.
Related articles in several journals

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Materi Pertemuan 1 Biofarmasetika 2022.pdf

  • 1. BIOFARMASETIKA TIM DOSEN TEKNOLOGI FARMASI FFS UHAMKA SEMESTER GENAP 2021-2022
  • 2. Pendahuluan Biofarmasetika : ilmu yang mempelajari hubungan sifat fisikokimia-formulasi obat terhadap bioavailabilitas obat (in vtro- in vivo) dan sistem penghantaran obat dalam tubuh pada kondisi normal maupun kondisi patologis.
  • 4. Biopharmaceutis : (Woolf, 1981) • Pharmaceutics : preparations, use, or dispensing medicines • Bio : relating to living organism or tissues Sciences of preparing, using and administering drugs to living organism or tissues ADME
  • 5. BIOFARMASI ILMU YANG MEMPELAJARI HUBUNGAN ANTARA : (1) SIFAT FISIKO-KIMIA ZAT AKTIF, (2) FAKTOR FORMULASI SEDIAAN OBAT (DOSAGE FORM) DAN (3) FAKTOR TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN SEDIAAN OBAT, DENGAN BERBAGAI PROSES YANG DIALAMI OBAT DALAM TUBUH SAMPAI ZAT AKTIF MASUK KE DALAM SISTEM PEREDARAN DARAH: LIBERASI, DISOLUSI, DIFUSI, TRANSFER, ABSORPSI.
  • 6. APLIKASI •kinerja (performance) ✓efektif, cepat bekerja ✓menghindari terjadinya efek samping ✓bekerja dalam jangka waktu yang diinginkan ✓dosis efisien mendapatkan sediaan obat (drug dosage form) yang memiliki :
  • 7. • Perjalanan obat dalam tubuh dapat dibagi dalam fase: • Tahapan Biofarmasetik: i. Liberasi (Pelepasan) ii. Disolusi (Pelarutan) iii. Absorpsi • Tahapan Farmakokinetika: ADME Obat Fase Biofarmasetik Fase Farmakokinetik Fase Farmakodinamik
  • 8. Fase Biofarmasetika dipengaruhi oleh: •Rute pemberian obat •Dosis dan frekuensi pemberian obat •Sifat fisikokimia zat aktif •Bentuk sediaan Absorpsi Sistemik
  • 9. Rute pemberian Obat • Tiap rute pemberian obat harus memperhatikan pertimbangan biofarmasetik dalam rancangan produk sediaan. • Mis: formulasi sediaan mata harus mempertimbangkan pH, isotonisitas, sterilitas dan iritasi lokal. • Rute pemberian obat terdiri atas: ✓Ekstravaskular ✓Intravaskular
  • 10. Sifat fisiko-kimia zat aktif: Kelarutan, ukuran partikel, bentuk kristal, sifat asam/basa, dll
  • 11. Faktor formulasi: Jenis dan jumlah eksipien yang digunakan (bahan penghancur tablet, pengikat tablet, pengisi tablet, basis supositoria, dll.)
  • 12. Faktor teknologi: Kekuatan pencetakan (untuk sediaan tablet), cara dan lama waktu pencampuran bahan, dll.
  • 13. • Faktor formulasi yang mempengaruhi kecepatan melarutnya zat aktif salah satunya adalah penambahan eksipien. • Penambahan eksipien bertujuan untuk: ❖ menghasilkan sifat dan bentuk tertentu obat dan bentuk sediaannya. ❖ untuk meningkatkan kompresibilitas bahan aktif, meningkatkan kestabilan bahan aktif, mengontrol laju absorpsi, serta meningkatkan bioavailabilitas obat.
  • 14. • Absorpsi (Penyerapan) ➢Absorpsi adl masuknya molekul obat dari tempat pemberian ke jalur sistemik setelah melewati membran biologis. ➢ Absorpsi hanya terjadi terhadap molekul obat dalam keadaan terlarut. ➢ Kecepatan absorpsi ditentukan oleh tahap Pelepasan dan Pelarutan. ➢ Tahap yang paling lambat menjadi tahap penentu kecepatan absorpsi = Rate limiting step.
  • 15. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi absorpsi Absorpsi Faktor bentuk sediaan Sifat fisika kimia Z.A Faktor fisiologis
  • 16. PROSES BIOFARMASETIK YANG DIALAMI OBAT DALAM TUBUH : Pelepasan (liberation) Pelarutan (dissolution) Transfer Difusi (diffusion) Absorpsi (absorption)
  • 17. I. PROSES PELEPASAN (LIBERATION) MEKANISME YANG TERJADI TERGANTUNG KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF DALAM SEDIAAN: ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERCAMPUR SECARA FISIK (BENTUK SEDIAAN PADAT: TABLET) ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERLARUT DALAM PEMBAWA (SUPOSITORIA, SALEP) ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERDISPERSI (SUSPENSI, EMULSI)
  • 18. I. PROSES PELEPASAN (LIBERATION) MEKANISME YANG TERJADI TERGANTUNG KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF DALAM SEDIAAN: ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERCAMPUR SECARA FISIK (BENTUK SEDIAAN PADAT: TABLET) ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERLARUT DALAM PEMBAWA (SUPOSITORIA, SALEP) ❑ ZAT AKTIF TERDISPERSI (SUSPENSI, EMULSI)
  • 19. ► Mekanisme proses pelepasan yang terjadi berbeda-beda untuk tiap bentuk sediaan ► Lepasnya zat aktif dari pembawa bisa dalam keadaan/bentuk partikel yang belum terlarut (dari tablet), bisa sebagai bentuk molekul (dari supositoria basis lemak dimana zat aktif terlarut dalam basis)
  • 20. Pelepasan dari sediaan TABLET TABLET INTI (TIDAK BERSALUT) DISINTEGRATION I POWDER (DRUG AND EXIPIENT) GRANUL DISINTEGRATION II (LIBERATION) TABLET SALUT PELARUTAN PENYALUT
  • 21. Mekanisme penghancuran Tablet ❑PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN PENGHANCUR ❑REAKSI KIMIA (PEMBEBASAN GAS CO2) ❑PENGIKISAN
  • 22. BAHAN PENGHANCUR TABLET YANG MENGEMBANG : ➢ PATI/AMILUM (SINGKONG, BERAS, DLL.) ➢ PATI YANG DIMODIFIKASI (PRE- GELATINIZED) ➢ AC-DISOL ➢ DLL. BAHAN PENGHANCUR KARENA REAKSI KIMIA: ➢ NATRIUM BIKARBONAT
  • 23. Mekanisme hancurnya supositoria ❑ MELELEH PADA SUHU TUBUH (PEMBAWA LEMAK, SEPERTI OL. CACAO) ❑ MELARUT DALAM CAIRAN REKTAL (SEPERTI BASIS PEG)
  • 24. Pelepasan dari supositoria ❑ HANCURNYA PEMBAWA (MELELEH ATAU MELARUT) ❑ PARTISI DARI PEMBAWA KE CAIRAN REKTAL DIIKUTI PROSES DIFUSI DALAM PEMBAWA (JIKA TERLARUT DALAM PEMBAWA UNTUK KASUS PEMBAWA SUPOSITORIA BASIS LEMAK SEPERTI OLEUM CACAO) DAN DALAM CAIRAN REKTAL DARI KONSENTRASI TINGGI KE KONSENTRASI RENDAH
  • 25. Pelepasan dari sistem dispersi emulsi (zat aktif terlarut dalam fase internal) • TERJADI PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF DARI FASE EKSTERNAL KE CAIRAN TUBUH TEMPAT PEMBERIAN OBAT BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN PARTISI. • TERJADINYA PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF KE MEDIUM LAIN DIIKUTI PROSES PERPINDAHAN/DIFUSI MOLEKUL ZAT AKTIF DALAM MEDIUM PEMBAWA DARI KADAR TINGGI KE KADAR RENDAH.
  • 26. Pelepasan dari sistem dispersi suspensi ❑ PERPINDAHAN ZAT AKTIF DARI SUATU MEDIUM PEMBAWA OBAT/SEDIAAN YANG JENUH DENGAN ZAT AKTIF KE MEDIUM LAIN (CAIRAN TUBUH PADA TEMPAT PEMBERIAN OBAT) BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN PARTISI. ❑ PERPINDAHAN TERJADI PADAANTAR-PERMUKAAN. ❑ TERJADINYA PERPINDAHAN KE MEDIUM LAIN DIIKUTI PROSES PELARUTAN ZAT AKTIF DAN PROSES DIFUSI DALAM MEDIUM PEMBAWA.
  • 27. II. PROSES PELARUTAN/DISOLUSI ❑ PROSES PELARUTAN/DISOLUSI TERJADI JIKA ZAT AKTIF DALAM KEADAAN TIDAK TERLARUT DALAM SEDIAAN (MISALNYA DISPERSI DALAM PEMBAWA MINYAK). ❑ PROSES PELARUTAN TERJADI DALAM PEMBAWA SEDIAAN ATAU SETELAH LEPAS DARI SEDIAAN (MISALNYA DARI SEDIAAN TABLET.
  • 28. Proses pelarutan/disolusi ❑ HUKUM FICK: ❑ HUKUM NOYES & WHITNEY: . ( ) dm k S Cs C dt = − . ( ) dC D A Cs C dt h = −
  • 29. III. PROSES DIFUSI ❑ TERJADI DALAM SUATU MEDIUM DALAM KEADAAN ZAT AKTIF TERLARUT DALAM MEDIUM. ❑ MOLEKUL ZAT AKTIF BERGERAK DARI KADAR TINGGI KE KADAR RENDAH.
  • 30. Proses difusi suatu molekul dalam suatu medium MENGIKUTI HUKUM STOKE-EINSTEIN : K’= TETAPAN BOLTZMAN T= SUHU MUTLAK MEDIUM R= JARI-JARI MOLEKUL = KEKENTALAN/VISKOSITAS MEDIUM '. 6 . . k T D r   =
  • 31. IV. PROSES PERPINDAHAN/TRANSFER ❑PERPINDAHAN ZAT DARI SUATU MEDIUM KE MEDIUM LAIN BERDASARKAN PERBEDAAN KONSENTRASI DAN KOEFISIEN PARTISI. ❑TERJADI PADAANTAR-PERMUKAAN
  • 32. Physicochemical Properties for Consideration in Product Design pKa & pH profile Necessary for optimum stability & solubility of the final product Particle Size May affect the solubility of the drug & therefore the dissolution rate of the product Polymorphism The ability of a drug to exist in various crystal forms may change the solubility of the drug. The stability of each form is important, because polymorphs may convert from one to another. Hygroscopicity Moisture absorption may affect the physical structure as well as stability of the product.
  • 33. Physicochemical Properties for Consideration in Product Design Partition Coefficient Give some indication of the relative affinity of the drug for oil & water. A drug that has high affinity for oil may have poor release & dissolution Excipient Interaction Compatibility of the excipients with the drug Sometime trace elements in excipients may affect the stability of the product. Specification is important pH Stability Profile Stability of solutions is often affected by the pH of vehicle. pH in the stomach & gut is different, know- ledge of stability would help to avoid degradation
  • 34. Solubility, pH, & Absorption pH environment of the GIT varies from acidic in the stomach to slightly alkaline in the small intestine A basic drug is more soluble in an acidic medium Solubility may be improved with the addition of an acidic or basic excipient Buffering agent may be added to slow or modify the release rate of a fast dissolving drug Controlled release drug product must be a non disintegrating dosage form.
  • 35. Stability, pH, & Absorption • If drug decomposition occurs by acid or based catalysis, some prediction for degradation of the drug in GIT may be made • Erythromycin decomposition occurs rapidly In acidic medium. It has to be enteric coated to protect against acid degradation in the stomach
  • 36. Particle Size & Absorption • Surface area of the drug is increase enormously by a reduction in the particle size. The greater the surface area the more rapid the rate of diss • Particle size & distribution studies are important for drug that have low water solubility. Many hydrophobic drugs are very active IV-ly but are not very effective orally due to poor absorption.
  • 37. Particle Size & Absorption • Griseofulvin, nitrofurantoin & many steroids are drug with low aqueous solubility; micronized form has improved absorption. • Smaller particle size results in an increase in the surface area, enhances water penetration, an increases the dissolution rates. • A disintegrant may be added to the formulation to ensure rapid disintegration • Surface-active may increase wetting & solubility
  • 38. Polymorphic Crystals, Solvates, & Absorption • Polymorphism (drug in various crystal forms). Same chemical structure but different physical properties • Crystals have lower solubility than the amorphous • Chloramphenicol, has several crystal forms, when given as a suspension, the conc is dependent on % of β- polymorph. β-form is more soluble & better absorbed • Crystal form has the lowest free energy is the most stable. A drug that exists as an amorphous form, dissolves more rapidly than rigid crystalline form
  • 39. Polymorphic Crystals, Solvates, & Absorption Some polymorphs are metastable, a change in crystal form may cause problems in manufacturing. A change in the crystal structure may cause cracking in a tablet. Some drugs interact with solvent to form a crystal called solvate. Water may form a special crystal called hydrates. Erythromycin hydrates have different solubility compared to the anhydrous form. Ampicillin 3H2O was reported to be less absorbed than the anhydrous forms.
  • 40. FAKTOR FORMULASI YG MEMPENGARUHI DISOLUSI Penambahan eksipien • Untuk menghasilkan sifat dan bentuk tertentu obat dan bentuk sediaannya • Untuk meningkatkan kompresibilitas bahan aktif, kestabilan thd penguraian, mengurangi iritasi GIT, kontrol laju absorbsi, meningkatkan bioavalabilitas obat
  • 41. Common Excipients Used Lactose Diluent Dibasic calcium phosphate Diluent Starch Disintegrant, diluent Microcrystalline cellulose Disintegrant, diluent Mg stearate Lubricant Stearic acid Lubricant Hydrogenated vegetable oil Lubricant
  • 42. Excipients Used in Solid Talc Lubricant Sucrose (solution) Granulating agent PVP (solution) Granulating agent HPMC Tablet-coating agent Titanium dioxide Combined with dye as colored coating Methylcellulose Coating or granulating agent CAP Enteric coated agent
  • 43. Excipients Used in Oral Liquid EXCIPIENT PROPERTY Sodium CMC Suspending agent Tragacanth Suspending agent Sodium Alginate Suspending agent Xanthan gum Thixotopic suspending agent Veegum Thixotopic suspending agent Sorbitol Sweetener
  • 44. Excipients Used in Oral Liquid Alcohol Solubilizing agent, preservative PEG Solubilizing agent Methyl, propyl-paraben Preservative Sucrose Sweetener Sucrose Sweetener Polysorbates Surfactant Sesame oil, Corn oil For emulsion vehicle
  • 45. Excipient may affect dissolution Mg stearate, may repel H2O & reduce dissolution when used in large quantities. Coatings, particularly shellac upon aging can decrease the dissolution rate. Low concentration of surfactants decrease the surface tension & increase the rate of drug dissolution. Higher surfactans concentration tend to form micelles with the drug & decrease the dissolution rate. Large drug particles have a smaller surface area dissolve more slowly than smaller particles. High compression of tablets without sufficient disintegrant may cause poor disintegration.
  • 46. Excipient may affect dissolution NaHCO3 may change the pH of the medium. Aspirin, a weak acid when formulated with NaHCO3 will form a water-soluble salt, in which the drug rapidly dissolves. Excipients in a formulation may interact directly with the drug to form a water soluble/insoluble complex. If tetracycline is formulated with CaCO3, an insoluble complex of Ca tetracycline is formed that has a slow rate of dissolution & poor absorption.
  • 47. Excipients That increase the solubility of the drug increase the rate of dissolution & absorption May increase retention time drug in GIT & increase absorption May act as carries to increase drug diffusion across the intestinal wall. Many excipients may retard dissolution & absorption. Various excipients that are pharmacodynamically inert but that functionally enhance the drug & the dosage form Tablets: diluent (lactose); disintegrant (starch); lubricant (Mg stearate ); binding & stabilizing agents. Improperly used: the rate & extent of absorption may be affected. Increasing the amount of disintegrant may overcome the retarding effect of lubricant on dissolution. Some poorly soluble drugs increase in disintegrant level has little effect on dissolution because the fine drug particles are not wetted
  • 48. References Shargel, L. & Yu, A. (2016). Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics. 4th Ed. New York: Appleton & Lange. Paradkar, A.R. & Bakliwal, S.R. (2008). Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics. Wagner, J.G. (2008). Biopharmaceutics and Relevant Pharmacokinetics. Drug Intelligen Publications. Related articles in several journals