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3 the seventeenth century world 2019
1. IDEASAND EVENTS IN THE VISIBLE REALM, 1300
– 1700.
• ITALIAN CITY STATES,
RENAISSANCE
HUMANISM – 1300-1520.
• IMPERIAL PAPACY 1450
TO 1520; 1550-1680.
• THE REFORMATION AND
CATHOLIC REFORM:
1520-1580. THE
QUESTION OF IMAGES.
• THE GROWTH OF
NATIONAL STATES:
ABSOLUTISM: RAISON
D’ETAT: SPAIN HOBBES
• DEVELOPMENT OF
SECULAR PHILOSOPHY:
BACON, DESCARTES,
LEIBNIZ, HUME.
• SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
GALILEO.
3. The Printing Revolution and the Diffusion of
Knowledge.
Johannes Gutenberg with the first printing press in 1450s Mainz, Germany
4. Analyze Charts The chart shows the effects of the printing press in Europe. Is it likely or
unlikely that in 1500, only the largest European capital cities had printing presses?
5.
6. Martin Luther, the 96 Theses 1517.
Lucas Cranach, Martin Luther
Preaching, 1540’s
Lucas Cranach, Martin Luther and the
artist at the Crucifixion, 1545.
7. John Calvin Challenges the Church
The Calvinist belief in simplicity is reflected in the design of this Calvinist church in Nuremberg,
Germany. No images of saints or religious leaders decorate the church, and the preacher's
pulpit is the center of focus.
9. St. Bartolomew’s Day Massacre, 1572, F. DuBois, 1588 and G.
Vasari, Vatican Sala Regia, 1573.
10. Siege of Magdeburg and the Dutch Wars.
Jan Collaert, The Trials of the Netherlands, 1608Siege of Magdeburg,Holy Roman Empire
large numbers of the population die.
11. ATime of Profound Change: New Worlds:
• Some Challenge
European Notions of
Superiority (China,
India,) others seem
ripe for exploitation
(The Americas and
Africa.) European
artistic models reach
both.
12. Global Cultural Expression
Economic prosperity financed new forms of
cultural expression during this long period from
1550 to 1680. This was an age of stunning
architecture that saw the construction of Moscow's
St. Basil's Cathedral, the Taj Mahal, Saint Peter's
in Rome, the Hindu temple complex at Madurai.
13. Renaissance, mannerist, and Baroque paintings from Europe, Persian
carpets from Tabriz, Benin bronzes, blue and white Ming porcelain,
and Japanese lacquerware illustrated the artistic achievements of this
period. With commercial expansion came a new European interest in
exact measurements, the accurate accounting of time, and the
beginnings of systematic scientific research.
14. Important Dates and Developments from
the 17th Century
1601 – First Welfare program: the English
Poor Laws.
1603 – Shakespeare’s Hamlet
1605 – Cervantes’s Don Quixote
1609 – First Regularly printed newspaper
15. 1610 – Galileo proves that the Earth revolves
around the sun
1610 – Tea imported to Europe
1628 – Harvey explains circulatory system
1633 – First child-rearing book
1656 – First pendulum clock
16. 1666 – Newton’s Law of gravity
1674 – Microorganisms observed
1683 – First public museum
17. The World as a Spectacle: The Creation of Opera (Florence
1600) and Rubens, Marriage of Marie de Medicis, 1625.
18. Rise ofAbsolutism: From City State to Nation State:
From Aristocracy toAbsolute Kings.
'The Prevot des Marchands and the Echevins of the
city of Paris', 1648. Artist: Philippe de Champaigne
H.Rigaud, Louis XIV, 1701
20. Changing Views and Shapes of the Universe
The ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy believed that the Earth was at the center of the
universe and the sun and stars revolved around it in perfect circles. This is an image of
Ptolemy’s Geocentric Universe.
21. Changing Views and Shapes of the Universe
Copernicus realized that the earth and other planets seemed to move in ways that indicated a different order,
the sun at the center and the other objects moving around it in elliptical orbits, proven by Johannes Kepler and
published in 1609 in his book The New Astronomy. Kepler combined rigorous observation with a keen sense
of orthodox Lutheran doctrine and Greek
Mystical mathematics.
22. A New Scientific Method
Despite the opposition of the Church, by the early
1600s a new approach to science had emerged.
Unlike most earlier approaches, it started not with
Aristotle or Ptolemy or even the Bible but with
observation and experimentation. Most important,
complex mathematical calculations were used to
convert the observations and experiments into
scientific laws. In time, this approach became
known as the scientific method.
23. A New Scientific Method
Revolutionary Scientific Thinkers
- Rene Descartes (Rationalism) and Francis
Bacon (Empiricism) were early scientific
“thinkers”
- “The Truth is not known at the beginning, but
only at the end after a long process of
investigation.” Based on First Principles of
Method, not Order. The How not the Why.
24. Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry
The 1500s and 1600s saw dramatic changes in
many of the sciences, especially medicine and
chemistry. Like Copernicus, Bacon, and
Descartes, scientists rejected long-held
assumptions. They relied on new technology,
such as the microscope, and benefited from
better communication, especially the
availability of printed books.
25. Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry
1. Human Anatomy
2. The Microscope
3. The New Science of Chemis
4. Isaac Newton – Theory of Gravity
26. Women in BaroqueArt? SofonisbaAnguissola, Self Portrait at Easel,
1556.
• Growth of interest in women’s piety and
sainthood in Late Middle Ages.. Cult of Mary
• Some women benefit from formal education
but class and gender distinctions continue to
limit their opportunities. Women Humanists
existed in appreciable numbers, but not in
equal numbers to men.
• Binary ideals in theoretical literature – male
strong, female weak; male public; female
private.
• Freedom of movement? Limited. Constraints
placed on women religious in Counter
Reform.
• Importance of literacy for women as function
of mother develops in 15th c..
• Class differences continue in exercise of
power, but women are significant art patrons.
• Women artists are more strongly identified in
the 16th and 17th centuries as the Academies
start to flourish.
• Artist self-portraits as reflections of fame,
features and principles of art.
27. Mid 16th century Problems in Art Theory
• The increasing Importance of Aristotle’s Poetics – a hierarchy of style
dependent on genre, rule for subject matter and composition. Paintings
often used as parallels with poetic and dramatic ideals.
• Vasari, 1566 – The Arts of Design – three arts grouped under the principle of
Disegno. Art derives its value from a unity of Principles.
• Dolce’s Aretino, paintings consists of Invention, Design and Coloring.
Raphael-subject matter, Michelangelo-single figures, and Titian-nature:
each represent one of these traits. Poetic hierarchy reversed as color is
thought of as ornament, i.e. non-essential, still in the imitation of nature it
is crucial. Tension between poetics and stylistics.
• The Paragone – painting vs. sculpture
• Armenini – the End of the Age of the Masters
• Lomazzo – the diversity of Maniera – Astrologically organized.
