UTILISATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT

1. By. Mr. Om Prakash

2. MAIN OBJECTIVE
 Main objective is to substitute the aggregate in Sub-Base And Base Courses With
Fly-Ash And Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag.
SUB OBJECTIVES
 A reliable Pavement with no signs of distress or cracks and satisfies all
the safety and serviceability requirements according to relevant Codes of
practice, hence no action is needed towards retrofitting.
 Establishing a more reliable, economic and accurate method to
substitute the aggregate in sub-base and base courses with FLY ASH and
GGBS.
 The possibility of evaluating the outcome of the pavement relating to
alternative maintenance strategies.
 Monitoring the various steps in pavement designing.

3.  The major problem the world is facing today is the environmental
pollution. The best way to dispose any waste material is to use it as one
or the other forms like construction material.
 The Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is one of the main ingredients
used for the production of concrete. Unfortunately, production of
cement causes emission of large amount of carbon-dioxide gas into the
atmosphere, a major contributor for greenhouse effect and the global
warming. Also, Portland cement being very expensive material affects
the total cost of construction of any project.
 Hence, the researchers are currently focused on use of waste material
having cementing properties, which can be added in cement concrete as
partial replacement of cement, without affecting its strength and
durability, which will result in decrease of cement production thus
reduction in emission of greenhouse gases, global warming and the cost
of construction.
 The ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash are the waste
products from the iron manufacturing and thermal plant industry
respectively, which may be used as partial replacement of cement in
concrete due to its inherent cementing properties. The increase in
compressive strength is maximum for 10% fly ash and 50% GGBS.

4. PROBLEM STATEMENTS
 Why pavements are necessary and given importance?
 What are the main components involved in pavements?
 What are roles played by each component in pavement?
 What are the main factors involved in designing
pavements?
 Role, Effects and advantages of replacement of aggregate
with fly-ash and Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag

5.  Rural Infrastructure is the key to inclusive growth by connecting the
rural hinterlands and enabling the roll out of many additional socio-
economic sciences. With a growing rural road network of the country
there is a great need for the roads sector to build a sustainable and
environment- friendly road infrastructure for low volume rural
roads.
 With over 75% of the population of the country living in the villages,
the development in urban centers alone does not indicate the overall
development of the country. Only with the improvements in the
transportation facilities in rural areas, there could be faster
development of the rural centers.

6.  The term pavement is normally used to describe
the series of layers which form the structure of a
road.
 Each layer provides important properties that
assist in the distribution of stress from traffic
loading to the ground beneath.
 Roads and pavements need to be functional in wet
and dry conditions.

7.  Sufficient thickness to distribute the wheel load stresses to a
safe value on the sub-grade soil
 Structurally strong to withstand all types of stresses imposed
upon it
 Adequate coefficient of friction to prevent skidding of vehicles
 Smooth surface to provide comfort to road users even at high
speed
 Produce least noise from moving vehicles
 Impervious surface, so that sub-grade soil is well protected
 Long design life with low maintenance cost

9.  FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
 RIGID PAVEMENT

10.  Fly ash is the waste material, which is obtained
after burning coal in Thermal Power Plants. Current
annual production of Fly Ash is about 131MT/year
and is expected to increase to 300-400 MT/year
up to 2016.
 Fly ash, being treated as waste and a source of air
and water pollution till recent past, is in fact a
resource material and has also proven its worth
over a period of time.
 Fly ash based construction materials are becoming
favorite of the construction industry, being
durable, economical, eco-friendly, easy to use and
of consistent quality.

11.  Fly ash is a naturally-cementitious coal
combustion by-product.
 About 120 coals based thermal power stations in
India are generating 70% of power and producing
about 131 million tones fly ash per year.
 Continuous studies have been carried out in
India towards management of fly ash (FA),
disposal and utilization.
 The quality of fly ash depends on coal, coal
particle fineness, percentage of ash in coal,
combustion technique used, air/fuel ratio,
burners used, and type of boiler.

12. Based on the amount of the amount of
calcium, silica, alumina, and iron
content in the ash it defined two
classes of fly ash, they are:
 Class F
 Class C

13. CLASS F CLASS C

14. PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
SiO2 59.38%
Fe2O3 6.11%
CaO 1.94%
MgO 0.97%
SO3 0.76%
Alkalis 1.41%
unburnt sulphur and moisture 3.74%.

15. Some major uses of fly-ash are as follows :
 Portland Cement and Grout
 Brick and CMU
 Embankment/ Structural Fill and Mine Reclamation
 Road Subbase
 Soil Stabilization
 Flowable Fills (CLSM)
 Ashphaltic Concrete Mineral Filler
 Owing to its pozzolanic properties, fly ash is used as a replacement for some of
the Portland cement content of concrete.
 Use of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement is particularly suitable
but not limited to Class C fly ashes. Class "F" fly ashes can have volatile effects on
the entrained air content of concrete, causing reduced resistance to freeze/thaw
damage. Fly ash can add to the concrete’s final strength and increase its chemical
resistance and durability.
 Fly ash can significantly improve the workability of concrete.
 It reduces green house gas effect.

16.  GGBS is obtained by quenching molten iron slag.
 IT is a by product of iron and steel making.
 The main components of blast furnace slag are
CaO (30-50%), SiO2 (28-38%), Al2O3 (8-24%), and
MgO (1-18%).
 The glass content of slags suitable for blending
with Portland cement typically varies between 90-
100% and depends on the cooling method and the
temperature at which cooling is initiated.
 Common crystalline constituents of blast-furnace
slags are merwinite and melilite.

17.  GGBS is used to make durable concrete structures in combination
with ordinary portland cement and/or
other pozzolanic materials. GGBS has been widely used in
Europe, and increasingly in the United States.
 Two major uses of GGBS are in the production of quality-
improved slag cement, namely Portland Blastfurnace cement
(PBFC) and high-slag blast-furnace cement (HSBFC), with GGBS
content ranging typically from 30 to 70%; and in the production
of ready-mixed or site-batched durable concrete.
 Concrete made with GGBS cement sets more slowly than concrete
made with ordinary Portland cement, depending on the amount
of GGBS in the cementitious material, but also continues to gain
strength over a longer period in production conditions.
 Use of GGBS significantly reduces the risk of damages caused
by alkali–silica reaction(ASR), provides higher resistance
to chloride ingress — reducing the risk of reinforcement
corrosion — and provides higher resistance to attacks
by sulphate and other chemicals.

18. DURABILITY
 GGBS cement is routinely specified in concrete to
provide protection against both sulphate attack
and chloride attack. GGBS has now effectively
replaced sulphate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC)
on the market for sulphate resistance.
 To protect against chloride attack, GGBS is used at
a replacement level of 50% in concrete.
 GGBS is also routinely used to limit the temperature
rise in large concrete pours. The more gradual
hydration of GGBS cement generates both lower
peak and less total overall heat than Portland
cement.

19. APPEARANCE
 In contrast to the stony grey of concrete made with
Portland cement, the near-white colour of GGBS cement
permits architects to achieve a lighter colour for exposed
fair-faced concrete finishes, at no extra cost. To achieve a
lighter colour finish, GGBS is usually specified at between
50% to 70% replacement levels.
STRENGHT
 Concrete containing GGBS cement has a higher ultimate
strength than concrete made with Portland cement. It has
a higher proportion of the strength-enhancing calcium
silicate hydrates (CSH) than concrete made with Portland
cement only, and a reduced content of free lime, which
does not contribute to concrete strength.

20.  GGBS performance varied significantly among
different combinations of slag, cement, aggregate,
and curing practices. Certain combinations can
produce strong and durable concrete.
 GGBS can enhance a concrete pavement by
improving workability in the plastic state, and
increasing strengths and reducing permeability in
the hardened state.

21.  Time of Set: Concrete containing slag cement in excess of
25% replacement dosage generally has noticeably slower
set times than ordinary portland cement concrete. Time of
set is related to the percentage of slag cement used in the
mix, the temperature of the concrete, and the ambient
temperature. At an ambient temperature of 73°F, time of
initial set is usually extended by one to three hours.
 Workability and Finishability: Correctly designed concrete
mixtures containing slag cement demonstrate improved
workability and finishability when compared with 100%
portland cement concrete systems. This is due to several
factors including increased paste cohesiveness, glassy
structure of slag cement, and low initial water absorption.

22.  Fly Ash was permitted for use on NH-4 four lanning
projects from Satara to Kolhapur. The project was
executed by MSRDC. Out of 5 Packages of this project
in two Packages Cement was replaced with fly ash to
the Proportion of 50%.
 MCD Road Projects, Location- FatehpurBeri, New
Delhi
MATERIALS AVAILABITY
 Fly ash collected from NTPC Vizag.
 GGBS collected from Toshibali Pvt.Ltd , Ankapalli,
visakapatnam.

23.  California bearing ratio (CBR)
 Static Plate load test
 Standard compaction test
 Liquid limit test
 Plastic limit test

28. THANK
YOU