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1. Chapter Two: Specific Steps In Providing
Counseling Services
2.1.Counseling Steps: Directive counseling
involves six stages. They are as follows:
2.1.1. Analysis
 Collecting from various sources the data
needed for an adequate understanding of the
client.
 This includes administration of psychological
tests, etc.
 its importance should be limited to the extent that
it gives a better idea about the counselee. 1/8/2024
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2. Cont’d…
2.1.2. Synthesis
 Summarizing and organizing the data obtained,
so as to reveal the assets, liability, adjustments
and maladjustments of the counselee.
 This includes of the data obtained through
psychological testing also.
2.1.3. Diagnosis
 This stage is concerned with formulating
conclusions regarding the nature and the
course of the problems exhibited by the clients.
 Drawing conclusions from the results of
psychological testing, administration of
questionnaires etc. are done here.
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3. Cont’d…
2.1.4. Prognosis
 It is predicting the future course of
development of the counselee's problem
in the light of conclusions
2.1.5. Counseling (Intervention)
 This is the most important time and
counseling step in the whole process.
 expertise of the counselor is needed
most.
 It is a highly personalized teaching and
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4. Cont’d…
 counseling involves
(a) assisting the people in self-appraisal; i. e.
identifying his/her interests motives and
capabilities
(b) helping him/her to plan a course of action
(c) establishing an adaptive life style. To help
the counselee appraise him/herself .
 Two types of data are needed – self-
perceived data and data from external
appraisal.
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5. Counseling process
Counseling starts with filling out a life history
questionnaire
It includes reinforcement procedures,
assertiveness training, desensitization,
feedback and cognitive restructuring especially
in behaviors, affective and cognitive modes.
Concepts: Clients broadly fall under two broad
categories, (1)who seek assistance
voluntarily (2)referred.
 Counseling presupposes a desire on the part of
the counselee that makes the client come for
assistance.
 This desire is referred to as “readiness”. 1/8/2024
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6. Cont’d…
Counter Will
 Often people have trouble in asking for help
and accepting it as well.
 Because in some cases, they are reluctant to
face the consequences of change
 For some receiving help means an admission
of inadequacy of failure.
 Some feel that they need no assistance or
cannot be helped at all.
 The negative feeling that holds back one from
seeking help is referred to as ‘counter will’.
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7. Cont’d…
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Case History
 This is a term very often used in this field.
 A case history can be defined as a systematic
collection of facts about the client present and
past life.
 The focus of attention varies with the
theoretical orientations of the counselor.
 For Example, psychoanalytically oriented
counselor looking for relevant childhood
experiences. Etc..

8. Cont’d…
Rapport
 It is a warm, friendly and understanding
atmosphere created by the counselor in the
formation of an effective counseling relationship.
 Warmth of relationship, communication of this
warmth to the counselee and feeling of trust
which grows out of unconditional
acceptance are all important factors
contributing to the establishment of rapport.
 Moving out to receive the client, greeting him
warmly, putting him at ease and directing his
attention away from the problem initially, are
some of the techniques that can be used.
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9. Cont’d…
Transference
 It refers to the client transferring to the
therapist emotions originally felt toward
significant others in early life.
 This is quite natural in counseling
situation because the client trusts
counselor and is encouraged to express
his/her feelings and emotions freely.
 As a counselor, one should acknowledge
these feelings and should be handled in a
therapeutic way for fear that the relation
should break down.
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10. Cont’d….
Counter Transference
 This phenomenon is said to occur when
therapists project their unresolved
conflicts upon the client.
 When counselors feel uncomfortable with the
client or experience irrational feelings of
anger, resentment, etc.
 We can infer that counter transference has
set in persistence of feelings is not healthy
and the counselor himself should seek
professional help 1/8/2024
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11. Cont’d…
Resistance
 It refers to clients inclination to oppose
the counselors attempt to work towards
set goals.
 Resistance ranges from open hostility to
passively resistant behavior like being
late for an appointment etc.
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12. Stages of Counseling Process
 The process of counseling passes through
certain stages, which can be broadly classified
as follows:
 Initial stage: Client self-exploration
 clients are encouraged in self-exploration
and their concerns are clarified.
 goals are set and the working alliance is
established.
 Gathering information and observing the client
 the counselor arrives at some tentative
hypothesis regarding the nature and
complexity of the problem.
 psychological tests, questionnaires, inventories,
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13. Cont’d…
The initial stage is sub-divided into
(a) first interview and
(b) initial counseling sessions.
(a)First interview
 Its primary objective is to set the
foundation for an effective working
relationship.
 This is the most challenging stage.
 Client's approaches the counselor with a
feeling of uncertainty and ambivalence.
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14. Cont’d…
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 Counselors through their words, facial
expressions and overall behavior convey his
understanding and acceptance of the client
and his sincere interest in his problem.
 Seating the clients comfortably, avoiding
interrupting phone calls are very important in
the development of rapport.

15. Cont’d…
 During this interview, the counselor needs to
make a tentative decision whether the task at
hand is within his expertise.
 If not, it is necessary to refer the client to an
appropriate professional agency.
 Clients should be made aware of what can be
expected out of counseling and what they
are hoping for.
 Confidentiality, rights of privacy, other ethical
and legal considerations need to be clarified.
 Discussion about the length of sessions,
payment of fees, arrangement of mutually
appropriate meeting times, etc. are also done
now. 1/8/2024
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16. Cont’d…
(b) Initial counseling sessions
 The counselor mostly listen to the client's
concerns
 Encourages the expression of feelings, without
undue questioning.
 Information is gathered by :
oactive listening
o attending to client’s self-talk
oobserving his body behavior and other
reactions, to be used later in deeper
explorations.
 If client’s have difficulty in expressing; non-
threatening questions can help. 1/8/2024
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17. Middle stage: Deeper exploration
analysis
 A shift of counselor attention from client’s
external problem to his internal
problems from primarily cognitive level
to emotional level.
 Thus, the clients disclose his feelings
increasingly.
 Counselors explore more intensively with
clients
 confronts him with contradictions
 stronger interpretations of client's
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18. Final stage: Implementation of goals through
action
 By this stage, clients would have started acting
upon reality.
 They become more self-aware, assertive and
genuine and start generalizing these to
everyday life.
 This is a working through phase in which
understanding is put into constructive action.
 Emphasis is on making changes in behavior,
attitudes and skills, specified as goals in the
initial stages.
 For those who delay decision-making, specific
strategies like role playing behavior, rehearsal,
assertiveness training, etc. are used.
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19. Termination stage
 If the goals as set in the beginning are met,
termination follows.
 If the counselor believes the problem has
been solved, he may raise the issue directly.
 if the client is sure to have recovered he may
bring up the idea.
 If the counselor agrees, termination proceeds.
 The counselor must be alert to the possibility
that effort to termination arise due to lack of
progress.
 he should be aware that clients signaling
termination is a sign of resistance and
should be handled carefully. 1/8/2024
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20. Cont’d…
 If termination is reasonable, counselor
must use last few sessions to wean
the clients.
 When counselor manages termination
successfully, he maximizes counseling
outcome as well as maintains new
learning in later life situations.
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21. Cont’d…
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2.1.6. Follow-up and Evaluation
 A follow-up meeting can take place client/s of
months after the end of the counseling, to
assess the impact of the intervention client/s.
 Such a session is a way of maximizing the
chance that client/s receive lasting benefit
from their experience.
 It also helps the counselor to check the
extent to which the objectives of the
counseling are attained.