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- 1. Intro to Knowledge management Spiral of knowledge
- 2. Information processing view of organization • Hierarchy – Authority – Information • Division of labor
- 3. Facet analysis of “knowledge” individual collective explicit implicit
- 4. Conscious Objectified Automatic Collective Individual Social Explicit Implicit Type of knowledge Locus of knowledge
- 5. Channels of knowledge sharing Tacit (disinclination to be formalized, externalized) Explicit Person to person (bound to the immediate context of its creation) Communities of practice, social network (apprenticeship, participation, ritual, custom) Oral communication (speech, lecture, conversation, question answering, performance) Impersonal (mediated, transcends time and space; carried by media) Embodied knowledge (embodied or encapsulated in organization or other artifacts Documentation codification (literature, record, computer program)
- 6. Organizational learning • How organizations translate individual insights and knowledge into collective knowledge and organizational capacity – Skeptics: learning is essentially an individual activity • Yet, sometimes the whole is larger the sums of its parts (synergy) • Both individuals and organizations are learning entities.
- 7. Cyborg
- 8. Spiral of knowledge • “The centerpiece of the Japanese approach is that recognition that creating new knowledge is not simply a matter of “processing objective information”. Rather, it depends on tapping the tacit and often highly subjective insights, intuitions, and hunches of individual employees and making those insights available for testing and use by the company as a whole. ” – The knowledge-creating company (Nonaka Ikujiro, 1991) HBR.
- 10. The spiral of knowledge (Takeuchi & Nonaka, 1995) parking, sports Com vs. innovation Synthesize
- 11. From tacit to tacit: socialization • Where tacit knowledge can be converted into tacit knowledge through interactions between individuals, whether it is through language, observation, imitation, or practice – synchronizing fireflies
- 12. Mirror neuron and imitation
- 13. Socialization (cont.) • Apprenticeship – Learning through observation, imitation and practice (“mirror neuron”) – Shared experience in specific contexts – Emotions and commitment – Not merely transfer of information, but also finding or forming one’s identity in a community
- 14. Redundancy • The conscious overlapping of company information, business activities, and managerial responsibilities. • Create a common cognitive ground – Internal competition – Proliferation of information – Strategic rotation
- 15. Externalization • A process of articulating tacit knowledge into explicit concepts. – In the shapes of writings, metaphors, analogies, concepts, hypotheses, or models.
- 16. From tacit to explicit: articulation • Find a way to express the inexpressible – Conceptualization; theorization • Smile curve; M-shape Society – Story telling • Ichiro Suzuki's bat – Metaphor and model • A way of perceiving or intuitively understanding one thing by imaging another thing symbolically
- 17. To the left of blue wall
- 18. Make implicit explicit • 1. Story-telling (parable), metaphor • 2. Codification (skin diagnosis) • 3. Identify novel patterns in data (book buying)
- 19. Metaphor • from the Greek for "transference," is the use of language that designates one thing to designate another in order to characterize the latter in terms of the former. • a statement that characterizes one thing in terms of another thing, juxtaposing concepts from separate domains of experience. Metaphor can be used to describe abstract or unfamiliar topics, and to express ideas difficult to convey with literal language. – James Geary on Metaphor
- 20. “Meme”, a metaphor Meme (“Memory” + “gene”) the mind “virus” (Richard Dawkins ) Any idea or behavior that can pass from one person to another by learning or imitation. Examples include thoughts, ideas, theories, gestures, practices, fashions, habits, songs, and dances
- 21. Metaphor in the creative process • Theory of Automobile Evolution, p. 5 – What image does “evolution” conjure up? – The image of sphere – “Man-maximum, machine-minimum” – Tall boy product concept • Umbrella concept – “Optoelectronics” » The merging of microelectronics with optical technologies • Cannon’s mini-copier – Disposable beer can
- 22. Vision and corporate culture • At AVIS, We try harder • RR makes the finest car in the world • "Our [Amazon's] vision is to be earth's most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online.“ • We devote this university to the spirit of the universe
- 23. From explicit to tacit: internalization • Reading, studying – Communication (perfect copy) vs. – Innovation (somewhat not so perfect) • Creativity in the interpretation of existing materials • Learning by doing – Driving, swimming, cooking
- 24. Necker’s cube Vision as a metaphor
- 25. From implicit to explicit •“Articulation (converting tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge) and internalization (using that explicit knowledge to extend one’s own tacit knowledge base) are the critical steps in this spiral of knowledge. The reason is that both require the active involvement of the self – that is, personal commitment. ” •Teaching and learning not merely transfer of information
- 26. To the left of blue wall
- 27. Combination • Systematic knowledge • Discrete pieces of explicit knowledge can be combined into a new whole • Combination knowledge of different originals often a way of innovation – Scientists develop a patch which can inject medicines through the skin without causing any pain. < http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/em/fr/- /2/hi/health/7002482.stm – http://www.teslamotors.com/
- 29. Innovative combinations • “I don’t have to invent anything…It’s out there somewhere if I can just find it and integrate it…Inventing is frustrating, it’s dangerous, it’s expensive, and inventors should avoid it whenever possible. Be a systems integrator. ” Dean Kamen, inventor of the Segway
- 30. Innovation of printing press
- 32. Art and computer the “I wonder if the Bilbao Guggenheim is a work of architecture at all? Perhaps it belongs to the category of exhibition and fairground displays, of giant inflatables and bouncy castles.” – J G Ballard.
- 33. • “I started making shapes that were hard to draw. That led us to the computer and to Catia software which made me realize the possibilities and the level and degree of accuracy you could create in your documents and your relationships because of the software.” Frank Gehry
- 34. "one of the most remarkable creative statements of the last half-century, in any artistic form. It is also profoundly flawed, a gigantic torso of burstingly noisy music that absolutely refuses to resolve itself under any recognized guise.“ The Penguin Guide to Jazz
- 35. From explicit to explicit: combination • Synergy : the whole is greater than the sum of its parts – 1+1>2 • Synthesizes information from many different sources – Synthesizing knowledge of persons – Synthesizing codified knowledge (information) – Synthesized data (data mining: make explicit the implicit) • searching for patterns, rules and interesting insights from collected (business) data
- 36. Systematic Knowledge Dialogue Or collective reflec Building a filed of interaction Networking newly created And existing knowledge Learning by doing
- 38. Refrences • Nonaka, I. (1990). Management of Knowledge Creation. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbun-sha. • Xu, F. 2013. "The Formation and Development of Ikujiro Nonaka's Knowledge Creation Theory." Pp. 60-76 in Towards Organizational Knowledge: The Pioneering Work of Ikujiro Nonaka, edited by G. von Krogh et al. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. • Nonaka, Ikujiro; Takeuchi, Hirotaka (1995), The knowledge creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-509269-1 • Nonaka, I. & Konno, N. (1998). The Concept of Ba: Building a Foundation for Knowledge Creation. California Management Review, vol. 40, is. 3, (pp.45). • Gourlay, Stephen (2006). "Conceptualizing Knowledge Creation: A Critique of Nonaka's Theory". Journal of Management Studies. 43 (7): 1415–1416, 1421.
- 39. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Critique of information processing view, Free access to company information Strategic rotation, redundancy, common cognitive ground No one department or group of experts has the exclusive responsibility for creating new knowledge But, they all need a somewhat ambiguous VISION
- You can fax data and information, but not knowledge “Knowledge is the capacity for effective action.” Peter Senge “Capacity for effective action is not a thing. ..one person cannot get it and give it to another (unless it’s externalized)” … if you know how to walk and I do not, can you “give walking” to me? “If HP knew what HP knows, we would be three times as profitable” Lew Platt, former CEO of HP.
- When the whole is larger than the sums of its parts (My own goal and the goal of the collective ) Synergy Individuality; innovation; creativity
- Humnaoids that are enhanced with cybernetic implants, giving them improved mental and physical abilities. The minds of all borg are connected via implants to a hive, a collective mind, orchestrated by the Borg Queen Networking; communication/diffusion of information Human and machine (bike gears; tour de France, gears forbidden; the purity of human, ) Human and machine/synergy/feeling rather useless without my laptop/ or other actors such as collaborators The necessary extension of the self (uploading our memory so we can concentrate on other more advanced stuff, such as synthesize information and knowledge of different origins.) Organization learning Individuality vs. collectivism Assimilation/internalization/the giving of Chi from mentor to the pupil in martial art movies Ants, bees, school of fish Forum and communities; social navigation; information scent and pheromone Wisdom of crowds (how is possible) Blog colony is a dictatorship; ultimate goals Innovation? From being told what to do, to challenge status quo
- School of fish;
- Pick up habit, expression in our surrounding; use “catch phase” as a sign of trust
- Redundancy and the measure of information by “degree of surprise” Social capital: Ability to share (language; jargons; accent e.g. the use of Taiwanese in certain areas with certain people) Opportunity to share (stage or plateform) Willingness to share
- Disposable bear can, disposable drum The leaders’ wealth of figurative language and imagination is an essential factor in eliciting tacit knowledge from project members.
- Poetic language/ Yes We Can vs. Maverick 1. An unbranded range animal, especially a calf that has become separated from its mother, traditionally considered the property of the first person who brands it. 2. One that refuses to abide by the dictates of or resists adherence to a group; a dissenter. Xerox’ technicians sharing stories with each other during lunch break, instead of studying use manuals. Religion, Zen master (I have already put it down, haven’t you.), Jesus telling parables. /framing Einstein's story about his father giving you a compass as a gift Transferring value; the “Fu-bell” story. “metaphors create novel interpretation of experience by asking the listener to see one thing in terms of something else” and “create new ways of experiencing reality” thus, “metaphors are one communication mechanism that can functionto reconcile discrepancies in meaning.”
- Eisenstein's story of his father giving him a compass When Albert Einstein was four or five years old, his father gave him a magnetic pocket compass to play with while he was sick in bed. Even as an old man, Einstein wrote of this compass with its needle always, mysteriously turning to the north, "I can still remember...that this experience made a deep and lasting impression on me. Something deeply hidden had to be behind things" (qtd in Ulmer 19). In a study of creative thinking in the sciences, Gerald Hopkins observes that such early experiences, memories and images often trace a pattern of thinking, a turn of mind, that anticipates the discoveries and insights that these scientists make in their maturity. Hopkins calls these patterns "themata" (qtd. in Ulmer 20).
- On proceeding to the spot, I found that nearly all the deaths had taken place within a short distance of the [Broad Street] pump. There were only ten deaths in houses situated decidedly nearer to another street-pump. In five of these cases the families of the deceased persons informed me that they always sent to the pump in Broad Street, as they preferred the water to that of the pumps which were nearer. In three other cases, the deceased were children who went to school near the pump in Broad Street... With regard to the deaths occurring in the locality belonging to the pump, there were 61 instances in which I was informed that the deceased persons used to drink the pump water from Broad Street, either constantly or occasionally... The result of the inquiry, then, is, that there has been no particular outbreak or prevalence of cholera in this part of London except among the persons who were in the habit of drinking the water of the above-mentioned pump well. I had an interview with the Board of Guardians of St James's parish, on the evening of the 7th inst [Sept 7], and represented the above circumstances to them. In consequence of what I said, the handle of the pump was removed on the following day. —John Snow, letter to the editor of the Medical Times and Gazette
- Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera.
- Greenhouse effect Theory of automobile evolution
- Proponents theorize that memes may evolve by natural selection in a manner analogous to that of biological evolution. Memes do this through the processes of variation, mutation, competition, and inheritance, each of which influence a meme's reproductive success. Memes spread through the behavior that they generate in their hosts. Memes that propagate less prolifically may become extinct, while others may survive, spread, and (for better or for worse) mutate. Memes that replicate most effectively enjoy more success, and some may replicate effectively even when they prove to be detrimental to the welfare of their hosts.[7] A field of study called memetics[8] arose in the 1990s to explore the concepts and transmission of memes in terms of an evolutionary model. Dawkins used the term to refer to any cultural entity that an observer might consider a replicator. He hypothesised that one could view many cultural entities as replicators, and pointed to melodies, fashions and learned skills as examples. Memes generally replicate through exposure to humans, who have evolved as efficient copiers of information and behaviour. Because humans do not always copy memes perfectly, and because they may refine, combine or otherwise modify them with other memes to create new memes, they can change over time. Dawkins likened the process by which memes survive and change through the evolution of culture to the natural selection of genes in biological evolution.[6] Dawkins defined the meme as a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation and replication, but later definitions would vary. Memes, analogously to genes, vary in their aptitude to replicate; successful memes remain and spread, whereas unfit ones stall and are forgotten. Thus "better" memes are selected. Memes first need retention. The longer a meme stays in its hosts, the higher its chances of propagation are. When a host uses a meme, the meme's life is extended.[15] The reuse of the neural space hosting a certain meme's copy to host different memes is the greatest threat to that meme's copy.[16]
- Not simply copying, but something more is added, all the texts are subject to individual interpretations. Inter-indexing – intra indexer inconsistency Need to revise your work constantly Genetic Mutation: a flaw from communication viewpoint, but essential for evolution
- Combination of perspectives generate new innovations Not merely recipients of information but actively take part in the interpretation of texts “The confusion created by the inevitable discrepancies in meaning that occur in any organization might seem like a problem. In fact, it can be a rich source of knowledge….” “it is important to emphasize that a company’s vision needs also to be open-ended, susceptible to a variety of different and even confliciting interpretations. ”
- Systematic knowledge Seat post and bike fitting is a Silicon Valley-based company that designs, manufactures and sells electric cars andelectric vehicle powertrain components. Tesla Motors gained widespread attention by producing the Tesla Roadster, the first fully electric sports car.[3]Its second model is the Model S, a fully electric luxury sedan. While still expensive, it is substantially cheaper than the Roadster. Tesla also sells electric powertrain components, including lithium-ion battery packs, to other automakers, including Daimler and Toyota.[4] Tesla's CEO, Elon Musk, has said he envisions Tesla as an independent automaker,[5] aimed at eventually mass producing fully electric cars at a price affordable to the average consumer. 911 intelligence: a failure to combine different pieces of information: terrorist connection apply student visa + people who learned piloting flight without wanting to know how to land. Systematic knowledge: e.g. bike fitting. Fro and aft of a bike seat, seat height, bar height….
- Mashup a web service or application that combines data or functionality from two or more external sources to create a new service Weather broadcast mashup Book review mashup
- Printing press and wine press Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, he created his type pieces from a lead-based alloy which suited printing purposes so well that it is still used today. Codex replacing scroll is a book made up of a number of sheets of paper, vellum, or similar, with hand-written content
- Computer assisted design Frank G original drawings by Frank Gehry of the Guggenheim Bilbao
- Bitches Brew is a studio double album by jazz musician Miles Davis, released in April 1970 on Columbia Records. The album continued his experimentation with electric instruments previously featured on his critically acclaimed In a Silent Way album. With the use of these instruments, such as the electric piano and guitar, Davis rejected traditional jazz rhythms in favor of a looser, rock-influenced improvisational style.
- Paradigm, to explain knowledge advance, become a metaphor for a fundamental/revolutionalized change, from pc to tablet
- Osaka International Hotel baker