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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY: APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE POTENTIAL
- 2. DEFINITION Nano – ‘Dwarf’ The science of manipulating matter measured in the billionth of meter – nanometer Roughly the size of 2-3 atoms. To employ individual atoms and molecules to construct functional structures.
- 3. HISTORY Richard P. Feynman - 1959 ‘There’s plenty of room at the bottom’ 1980 Scanning tunneling microscope Carbon nanotubes 2000 US Govt – National Nanotechnology initiative
- 4. 3 Steps to achieving nanotechnology-produced goods 1. Ability to manipulate individual atoms 2. To develop nanomachines (assemblers) that can be programmed to manipulate atoms and molecules at will. 3. To build replicators which will be programmed to build more assemblers.
- 5. Fabrication techniques Fabrication of assemblers and nano structures 1. Top down approach Techniques to manufacture nanostructures using methods already employed at small scale micron assemblies – further miniaturization. 2. Bottom up approach Method of producing nanostructures
- 6. Nanostructures in dentistry 1. Nanoparticles 2. Nanorods 3. Nanospheres 4. Nanotubes 5. Nanofibres 6. Dendrimers
- 7. Nanoparticles • Unit diameter between 0.1 to 100 nm • Currently used in resin-based ceramics • Formulation of interfacial silanes to coat and bond inorganic fillers • Sialinization increases fracture toughness • Increases ion-releasing calcium phosphate composite
- 8. Nanorods • Interest in restorative context • Chen & colleagues – synthesized enamel-prism-like hydroxyapatite nanorods - self assembly properties
- 9. Nanospheres Carbon ‘buckyball’ • Use in hypersensitivity • Hydroxyapatite with flourine nanosphere
- 10. Nanotubes • Titanium oxide nanotubes – invitro acceleration of HA formation – implant coatings. • Modified single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) increases flexure strength of RBC.
- 11. Nanofibres • Nanofibres used to generate ceramics containing HA • Nanofibrillar silicate crystals – reinforcement of composites • 2,2’-bis[4-(methacryloxypropoxy)-phenyl] propane (Bis-GMA) with triethylene glycol dimethyacrylate (TEGDMA) as thinning agent.
- 12. Dendrimers • Dendritic copolymers • Application in dental composite restorations • Less studied with research still on
- 14. Local anesthesia Colloidial solution containing millions of active analgesic micron size dental robots Robots reach the pulp via gingival sulcus, lamina propria , dentinal tubules Robots shut down sensitivity Sensation restored
- 15. Hypersensitivity cure • Hypersentive teeth have 8 times higher surface density of dentinal tubules • Tubules diameters - twice as large • Nanorobots could selectively and precisely occlude select tubules in minutes using native biological materials.
- 16. Nanorobotic dentrifice (dentifrobots) • Subocclusal dwelling dentifrobots delivered by toothpaste / mouthwash – patrol all supragingival and subgingival surfaces atleast once a day • Metabolize organic matter into harmless & odorless vapours • Perform continuous calculus debridement • Safely deactivate themselves when swallowed & programmed with strict occlusal avoidance
- 18. Dental durability and cosmetics • Tooth durability and appearance may be improved by replacing upper enamel layers with pure sapphire & diamond • More fracture resistant by including carbon nanotubes
- 19. Orthodontic treatment • Nanorobots could directly manipulate the periodontal tissues • Allow rapid tooth straightening, rotating, vertical repositioning within minutes to hours • Smart brackets – telemetric stress sensors sensitive to shear stresses – microchip with direct force feedback
- 20. Dental implantology • Surface modifications of the implants – grit blasting, ionic implantation, anodization & plasma treatment • Nanotite, OsseoSpeed, Strauman SLActive implants • Reduces healing time & enhances osseointegration
- 21. Photosensitizers & carriers • Quantum dots – can bind to antibody on the target cell • When stimulated by UV light – give rise to reactive oxygen species – lethal to target cell
- 22. Diagnosis of oral cancer • Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Convert chemical to electrical signal • Cantilever array sensors • Ultrasensitive mass detection technology: • Picogram (10-12)- bacterium • Femtogram (10-15)- virus • Attogram (10-18) – DNA • Multiplexing modality- sensing large number of different biomolecules simultaneously in real time • Applications – diagnosis of DM, cancer • Detection of fungi, bacteria & viruses
- 23. Treatment of oral cancer • Nanomaterials for brachytherapy BrachySil™ - delivers 32P • Drug delivery across the blood brain barrier Treatment of brain tumours, Parkinson’s in development, Alzheimer’s • Nanovectors for gene therapy Non viral gene delivery systems
- 25. Nanocomposites • Nanoproducts Corporation – manufactures nanoparticles that are homogenously distributed in resins / coatings to form nanocomposites • Advantages: • Superior hardness, flexure strength, modulus of elasticity & translucency • 50% reduction in filling shrinkage • Excellent handling properties Filtek O Supreme Universal Restorative Pure Nano O
- 26. Nanosolution • Nanosolutions produce unique & dispersible nanoparticles - can be used in bonding agents. • Ensures homogeneity and ensures adhesive is perfectly mixed every time. • Adper O Single Bond Plus Adhesive Single Bond
- 27. Impression materials • Nanofillers are integrated in vinylpolysiloxanes – unique siloxane impression material • Material has better flow, improved hydrophilic properties and enhanced detail precision • Nanotech Elite H-D
- 28. Nanoencapsulation • South West Research Institute (SWRI) have developed targeted release systems – nanocapsules including novel vaccines, antibiotics, drugs with reduced side effects. • Osaka University of Japan (2003) – Engineered Hepatits B virus envelope L particles – gene & drug delivery to the liver • Yamada (2003) – cells derived from periodontium can be bioengineered to target oral tissues.
- 30. Other products by SWRI 1. Protective clothing and filtration masks using antipathogenic nanoemulsions and nanoparticles 2. For instantenous healing • Biodegradable nanofibres – hemostatic platform • Wound dressings with silk nanofibres • Nanocrystalline silver particles with antimicrobial properties – dressings 3. Bone targeting nanocarriers Calcium phosphate based biomaterial – easily flowable, moldable paste – conforms to interdigitates with host bone – supports growth of cartilage & bone cells.
- 31. Nanoneedles • Nanoneedles - Deliver vaccines / molecules painlessly • Nanotweezers – cell surgery would be possible!
- 32. Bone replacement materials • Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles – treat bone defects: • Osstim® - Osartis, Germany – HA • VITOSS® - Orthovita, USA – HA + TCP • NanOss™ - Angstrom Medica, USA - HA
- 33. Challenges faced 1. Precise positioning & assembly of molecular scale part 2. Economical nanorobot mass production technique 3. Biocompatibility 4. Simultanenous co-ordination of activities of large number of independent nanorobots 5. Social issues – acceptance, ethics, regulation & human safety
- 34. Future scenario.. Patient rinses oral cavity with mouth wash containing millions of nanobots Swarm the mouth to eliminate disease & bacteria causing disease Mission accomplished, the bots are deactivated and expelled harmlessly from the body
- 37. Surfacing turtle
- 38. The rising moon