Immune system how does immune system work

1. • Disorders. The Immune System
and Infectious Diseases and
Disorders.
• Cardiovascular Diseases and
Disorders.
Nimra Faraz
DPT

2. Immune system:
• immune system is body’s defense against infections and other harmful
invaders. Without it, you would constantly get sick from bacteria or viruses.
• immune system is made up of special cells, tissues, and organs that work
together to protect you.

3. How does the Immune System Work?
 There are two ways in which the immune system
operates:
 Nonspecific defenses- Tries to keep everything out
 Skin, mucus, cilia, tears, stomach acid, etc.
 Specific Defenses- Fights off infection once the
pathogen gets inside the body.
 White Blood Cells (WBC’s)

4. Types:
 Two types of immunity
 Active: Your body knows how to make the antibodies
 Passive: You receive antibodies from another source, but your
body doesn’t know how to make them
 Mother’s milk
 Injection of antibodies

5. Active immunity:
• There are two ways to get active immunity:
• 1. Get infected with the illness and fight it off—your body learns how to
make the antibodies
• 2. Get a vaccination, which is a weakened or dead form of the disease, and
your body can still learn how to make the antibodies, but you don’t get sick

6. Immune system disorders:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
 This virus attacks human White Blood Cells
 Easily mutates, so its hard to treat or destroy, or vaccinate against
 HIV is transmitted by bodily fluid contact
 Sexual contact
 Blood-to-blood contact
 Using unclean needles
 HIV causes AIDS
 AIDS-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
 The symptoms are very complex, but usually there are weird infections, like fungal infections, that rarely if
ever occur when a person has a healthy immune system

7. Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders:
• Cardiovascular Diseases is a general term for conditions affecting the heart
or blood vessels. It's usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits
inside the arteries (atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots.
• The risk of certain cardiovascular diseases may be increased by smoking,
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, and
obesity.

8. Angina Pectoris:
• Origin:
• Angina: strangling or tightness
• Pectoris: chest
• Uncomfortable sensation in the chest and surrounding structures due to lack
of oxygen supply to the cardiactissues produced by narrowing or partial
blockage of coronary arteries.

9. Cardiomyopathies:
• This is the term for diseases of the heart muscle. They’re sometimes simply
called enlarged heart. People with these conditions have hearts that are
unusually big, thick, or stiff. Their hearts can’t pump blood as well as they
should. Without treatment, cardiomyopathies get worse. They can lead to
heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms.
• Cardiomyopathy may sometimes run in families, but it can also be caused by
high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, metabolic diseases, or infections.

10. • Cerebrovascular disease: Problem with the blood vessels that
deliver blood to your brain, such as narrowing or blockages.
• Deep vein thrombosis: Blockage in the veins, vessels that bring
blood back from your brain/body to your heart.

11. What are the cardiovascular disease risk
factors?
• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• High cholesterol (hyperlipidemia)
• Tobacco use.
• Diabetes.
• Family history of heart disease.
• Sedentary lifestyle or obesity.
• Diet high in sodium, sugar and fat.
• Overuse of alcohol.
• Chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions.
• Chronic kidney disease.

12. Sign and Symptoms:
• Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina)
• Shortness of breath
• Pain, numbness,weakness , coldness in your legs or arms if the blood vessels
in those parts of your body are narrowed.
• Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
• Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)

13. Complications:
• Heart failure: One of the most common complications of heart disease, heart failure occurs
when your heart can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs. Heart failure can result
from many forms of heart disease, including heart defects, cardiovascular disease, valvular heart
disease, heart infections or cardiomyopathy.
• Heart attack: A blood clot blocking the blood flow through a blood vessel that feeds the heart
causes a heart attack, possibly damaging or destroying a part of the heart muscle. Atherosclerosis
can cause a heart attack.
• Sudden cardiac arrest: Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden, unexpected loss of heart function,
breathing and consciousness, often caused by an arrhythmia. Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical
emergency. If not treated immediately, it results in sudden cardiac death.

14. Prevention:
• Don't smoke.
• Control other health conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and
diabetes.
• Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week.
• Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Reduce and manage stress.
• Practice good hygiene.