INTRODUCTION.pptx

What is Agriculture?
Agriculture is derived from Latin words Ager and
Cultura. Ager means land or field and Cultura means
cultivation.
It means…
 cultivationof land
 the science and art of producing crops and livestock
for economicpurposes
 It is also referred as the science of producing crops
andlivestockfromthenatural resourcesoftheearth.

Theprimaryaimof agricultureistocause
thelandtoproducemoreabundantly
, and
at thesametime, toprotect it from
deterioration andmisuse.

What is Agriculture?
Agriculture is the systematic raising of useful plants and
animalsunderthemanagement ofman.
It is a purposeful work through which the elements of
nature are harnessed to produce plants and animals to
meet humanneeds.
It is a broad industry engaged in the production of plants
and animals for food and fiber, the provision for
agricultural supplies and services, and the processing,
marketinganddistributionof agricultural products.

Agriculture as art, science and business
of crop production
It embracesknowledgeof thewayto performthe
operationsof thefarminaskillful manner.
 It involvesphysical andmental skill.
As an art...

of crop production
As a science...
It utilizesall moderntechnologiesdevelopedon
scientificprinciplessuchascrop
improvement/breeding, cropproduction, crop
protection,economicsetc., tomaximizetheyield and
profit.
 hybridization, transgeniccrop,biotechnologyetc.

of crop production
As a business...
agriculture asabusinessaimsatmaximumnetreturn
throughthemanagementofland,labor,waterandcapital,
employingtheknowledgeofvarioussciencesfor
productionof food, feed, fiber andfuel. Inrecent years,
agriculture is commercializedtorunasabusinessthrough
mechanization.

Branches of Agriculture
CropScience-Dealswitheconomicplants .e.g.,
rice, jute, potatoetc.
Animal husbandry- Dealswithanimal production,
e.g., cattle, buffalo, goat, poultryetc.
Veterinary-Dealswiththediseasesand
treatmentsof animal.
Fisheries- Dealswithpisciculture (rearingand
managingfishes).

Branches of Agriculture
 Agriculturalengineering- Dealswithfarm
mechanization.
Agricultural economics- Dealswitheconomic
managementandmarketingofagricultural products.
Agro-forestry-Dealswith integratedcropandforest
plantsproduction.

Evolution of Agriculture
Primary/ Primitive Stage
Hunting/ Old Stone Stage
Fire/ New Stone Stage
Animal Domestication Stage
Crop Production Stage

Primary/ Primitive Stage
 Humanbeingcameontheearth.
 People were helpless and nomad and they had no
houses.
 Theywerealwaysafraidofwild animals.
 They used to take shelter together in the cave,
earth-hole and branch of trees to escape
themselvesfromthewild animals.
 They had no idea about food and crop production
andusedtoliveonnatural fruitsandroots.

Hunting/ Old Stone stage
 People had learned to save themselves from the wild
animals by throwing large sized stones to those
animals.
 They learned to make arms by breaking large sized
stones for hunting. They used to eat flesh of wild
animals.
 Gradually, women used to collect fruits and roots from
near households. Thus they started to eat fruits and
roots by flesh of wild animals. Women started to wear
animal skin.

Fire and New Stone Stage
 People were able to make fire and prepare improved
arms. They got the idea of making fire when they used
tobreakthelargesizedstonesintosmall pieces.
 They were able to make sharp and pointed arms by
rubbingonestonewithanother.
 Peoplelearnedtoburnthefleshof wildanimalsand
thus started to eat burnt flesh. Thus gradually the
insecurecondition of thepeoplewaschanged.

Animal Domestication/ Husbandry
Stage
 At that stage, men became expert in hunting wild
animals.
 They used to hunt more than one animal and ate them
asper requirement.
 Excess and gentle animals were kept for future use.
Thus, animal domestication was started. Less stronger
animals like cattle, goat, sheep, dog, etc. were
domesticatedfirst.

Animal Domestication/ Husbandry
Stage
 Womenandchildren used to take care andmanage
feed for those animals. Thus, animal husbandry
wasstartedfirst.
 Theyusedto eat natural fruits androots anddid not
know how to produce them. So, people used to
move from one location to another for their own
foodandanimal feed.

 After thousands of years, people wanted to settle
down in a permanent site, as nomad life was
unbearable.
 People observed that plants come up from maize
seeds kept on the graveyard. Probably women by
her intrinsic insight nurtured the sprouts to harvest
near households. Thus, women are the pioneers of
agriculture.

 Then people started to use fire and digging land by
sticks to prepare garden plots in which they would
growsmall grains.
 They started cultivation by pointed sticks and
branchesof trees.

Modern agriculture was
started from 18th century
Green revolution was
started in 1960s.

Importance of Agriculture
 Food
 Carbohydrates-cereals,potatoandsweetpotato
 Protein- meat andfish, egg, milk, pulses
Fat-mustardandgrapeseed,soybean,groundnut,
sunflower, sesame
VitaminandMinerals- variousfruits, vegetables,
milk, butter etc.

 Clothes
Agriculture provides us fibre to make clothes. In
the world, 70% of the fiber comes from cotton
(Gossypium spp.). Other sources are jute, wool,
silk, natural fiber etc., which are also obtained from
agriculture.

 Houses
People gradually felt the necessity of
making houses to escape themselves from
wild animals, rain, sunshine, cyclone etc.
Maximum housing materials are the
products of agriculture. Such as, timber,
bamboo, straw
, ropeetc.

 Industry
Agricultureprovides
raw materials in
different industries.
MedicineIndustry
Paper Industry
Rubber Industry
Soap, Candle, and
PaintIndustry
PerfumeIndustry
 BeverageIndustry
 Bakery
 Sugar Industries
 Narcotic
 Leather Industry

 Fuel
Fuel of brick fields (timber, jute-stick, dry
leaves etc.). Coal, petrol and gasses are
obtained from plant materials. Biodiesel is
one of the new ideas where diesel can be
obtainedfromplant namedJatropha.

 Earning source
People take agriculture directly or processing of
agricultural products as an occupation and thus
earnmoney
.
Around 62% people are directly engaged in
agriculture where most of the people are related to
crop enterprises. Agriculture still employs about
47.5%of total employment of thecountry
.

 Foreign Currency
Some agricultural products directly or in
processed condition are exported and thus
earned foreign currency. Such as, rice, jute,
wheat,tomato,frozenfish,vegetablesetc.

 International Relationship
By exporting and importing of
agricultural commodities a country can
establish a good relation with the
foreigncountries.

 R
evenueIncome
From the rent and taxes of agricultural
land, agricultural products, government
can earn revenue income. Agriculture
contributes around19.29%of total GDPin
Bangladesh where crops plants alone
contributes13.44%.

 Natural Beauty
Flower, ornamental grasses andplants
bring natural beauty
, which is the
as,
contribution of agriculture.
Such roses,jasmine
etc.

 Environmental Balance
Plants liberate O2 and animals liberate CO2
to the atmosphere and thus the gaseous
concentration of the atmosphere is balanced.
Agriculture helps in environmental balance by
producingplantsandanimals.

What isAgricultural Development?
Agricultural development should be such that
agriculture development brings about a revolution in the
agriculture industry to give birth to anagriculture which is
profit givingandatthesametimeeco-friendly.
Agricultural development promotes the proper
conditions for farming so that planting, harvesting, and
processing can be done effectively, which ultimately can
reducepovertyandsavelives.

What isAgricultural Development?
A. Seeds
B. Fertilizer andChemicals
C. Irrigation
D. Transportation
E. ResearchExtensionandCommunication
F. Credit Facilities
G. T
echnologicaladvancements

History ofAgricultural
Development in the World
 NeOLITHIc ERA
 7000BC-sowingandharvesting reachedMesopotamia.
- InGreeceandtheAegean, evidenceof emmer
andeinkornwheat, barley
, sheep, goat, andpigs.
6000 BC- farming was entrenched on the banks of Nile
River; agriculture was developed in the Far East, probably
in China, with rice (Oryza sativa) rather than wheat
(T
riticumaestivum) astheprimarycrop.
- Indus Valley- presence of wheat and some
legumes.

 NeOLITHIc ERA
4500-6000BC- archaeological evidencesof
domesticationofplantsandanimalswerefoundin Iberian
Peninsula.
5500BC- CeideFields(Ireland)- oldest knownfield
systemsintheworld.
5000BC-domesticationofriceandsorghumin Sahel
RegionofAfrica.
 4000BC- horsewasfirst domesticatedinUkraine.

 NeOLITHIc ERA
3500BC-IndusValley-advancedcottongrowingandcotton
textileswerequiteadvanced.
 3000BC-farmingofricehadstartedin thevalley.
3000-2700BC-maize(Zeamays)wasfirstdomesticatedinthe
Americas.
2500BC-rice wasanimportantcomponent ofthestapledietin
Mohenjodaro nearArabianSea.
- Indianshadlargecities withwell-stocked granaries.
-Three regions of Americas independently
domesticatedcorn,squashes,potatoesandsunflowers.

 ROMAN eRA
Romanslaidthegroundworkfor themanorial
economic involvingserfdom, whichflourishedinthe
MiddleAges.
 FOURSYSTEMSOFF
ARMMANAGEMENT
1. Direct workbyowner andhisfamily;
2. Slavesdoingworkundersupervision ofslave
managers
3
. T
enant farmingor sharefarming;
4. Farmwasleasedtoatenant.

 MIDDLe AGeS (1500-500 AD)
Muslim farmers in North Africa and the Near East
developed and disseminated agricultural technologies
includingtheff:
irrigation systemsbasedonhydraulic andhydrostatic
principles;
 useof machinessuchasnorias;
 useof waterraisingmachines
 constructionof damsandreservoirs

 MIDDLe AGeS
 location-specificfarmingmanualsweredeveloped;
wider adoption of crops including sugarcane, rice,
citrus fruit, apricots, cotton, artichokes, aubergines, and
saffron;
lemons, oranges, cotton, almonds, figs, and sub-
tropical cropssuchasbananaswerebroughtto Spain.

1400s-1500s- Explorers introduced plants and
agricultural products from Asia and the Americas into
Europe.
Early 1700s- New crop rotation methods evolved in
Europe’s Low Countries and in England, improving
previoussystems.
1701- Jethro Tull- introduced the seed drill to English
farmers.

Late 1700s- Robert Bakewell (England)- pioneered the
selective breeding of cattle andsheepto produce meatier
animals.
1793- Eli Whitney (United States)- invented the cotton
gin, amachinethat separatedfiber fromseedmuchmore
quicklythanpeoplecoulddoit byhand.
1834- Cyrus Mc Cormick (United States)- the first
practicalreaperorgrain harvestingmachine.

1837- JohnDeere(UnitedStates)- patentedthesteel
plow.
1842-JohnBennetLawes(England)-foundedthe
first factorytomanufacturesuperphosphate.
1850s- 1900s- development of railroadsandsteamship
lineswereexpanded.
1866- Gregor Mendel’sstudiesinhereditywere
publishedinAustria.

Early1890s-first gasoline-pavedtractorswerebuilt,
replacingsteampoweredtractorsandanimalsfor draft.
 1890s- combineharvester werebuilt.
Late1920s-scientistsimprovedtheseedsfromwhich
farmersgrewcorn.
1939-introductionofDDT;it is alsoabeginning of
agriculture’sheavyuseof chemical pesticidesin
developingcountries.

1945-1970- machines and increased productivity in
industrialized countries sharply reduced the number of
peopleworkinginagriculture.
1950s- 1960s- developing countries, including
Philippines, experiencedGreenRevolution.
 1970s-Present-ageofgenetic engineeringbegan.
1980s- developed countries- farmers began to use
computers.

Agriculture Developments in
the Philippines
PRe-cOLONIAL PeRIOD
Indo- Malayan migrants brought with them wet-rice
agriculture, with carabao as a source of animal power for
cultivation. This type of agriculture predominated near
bodiesofwaterlike riversandlakes.
Slash-and-burn or kaingin culture or non-plow farming
predominatedinother areas.
This indicated shifting agriculture rather than sedentary
typeofrice cultureandthetribes weremainlynomadic.

the Philippines
oRice
o T
aro
o Y
ams
o Bananas
o CornMillet
o Coconuts
 PRe-cOLONIAL PeRIOD
Maincropsconsistedof;
o Citrus
o Ginger
o Clove
o Cinnamon
o Nutmeg

the Philippines
 PRe-cOLONIAL PeRIOD
Farms were small, and chiefly backyard in coastal and
riverbanksettlements.
 Most barangayswereself-sufficient.
Landwasabundantandpopulation wasestimatedto
about500,000bythemid-16thcentury
.
 Privatelandownershipdidnotexist.

the Philippines
 cOLONIAL PeRIOD
This period introduced a non-producing class for which
Filipinos produced surpluses, leading to an increase in
agricultural production.
The development of haciendas allowed for the
introduction of technological innovations in production
and processing like steam or hydraulic-powered sugar
mills.

the Philippines
 cOLONIAL PeRIOD
Introducedcropsare:
 Mulberry
 Cocoa
 Wheat
 Cucumber
 Cantaloupe
 Watermelon
 Coffee

the Philippines
 POST WAR PeRIOD
 Introductionof technological improvements.
1950’s-1960’s- campaign for use of modern
farm inputsandfarmmechanization.
- building upofmarketfor tractorsandpowertillers.

the Philippines
 POST WAR PeRIOD
Establishment of the International Rice Research
Institute(IRRI).
Introduction of high yielding rice varieties which
wasalsotermedthegreenrevolution.
Further development and expansion of
international agricultural trading especially coconut
andits by-products,tobacco, sugar, pineapple, etc.

Philippinesis still primarilyanagricultural
country.
Most citizensstill livein rural areas andsupport
themselvesthroughagriculture.
4 sub-sectors of agriculture: farming, fisheries,
livestock, andforestry
.
Country’s most agricultural crops: rice, corn,
coconut, sugarcane, banana, pineapple, coffee,
mangoes, tobaccoandabaca.

Secondary crops; peanut, cassava, camote,
garlic, onion, cabbage, eggplant, calamansi,
rubber, andcotton.
Export countries: USA, Japan, Europe, and
ASEANcountries.
Export products: coconut oil and other
products, fruitsandvegetables, banana, prawns.
Imported products: unmilled wheat and
meslin, oilcake and other soybean residues, malt
and malt flour, urea, flour, meals and pellets of
fish, soybeansandwhey
.

 ConcernsofAgriculture
rampant conversion of agricultural land for
commercial uses;
farmer’s continuedreliance onchemicalbased
fertilizersor pesticides;
environmental damage (water pollution,
coral reefdestruction, forest destruction);
lacks funding of critical projects i.e.
irrigation systems;

CLIMATE AND
WEATHER AND
GLOBAL CLIMATIC
CHANGE

 Climateandweatherdirectlyinfluencecropgrowth,
determinedtheadaptationofthecroppingpattern
andintensivelyingivenlocation.Theimportant
elementsofclimateandweatheraresolarradiation,
rainfall,relatedhumidity,daylength,windmovement,
andtyphoon.

Weather –refers to the state of the atmosphere in
the short-term (minutes, days, months) in terms of
c=variations in temperature, humidity, precipitation,
cloudiness,radiation,visibilityandairturbulence.
Climate- is the long term manifested of weather.
The climate of a specific region is the average,
meteorological data accumulated over time in a
number of decades. The average weather data
indicateanannualpatternofcycleofaccordancein
theregion.

TheGeographicLocationofthePhilippines
o ThePhilippinearchipelagoiscomposedofabout
7,641islands.
o It has a total land area of 300,000 square
kilometers,92percentofwhichisfoundonthe11
largestislands.
o The country can be grouped geographically into
the three major islands groups: Luzon, Visayas,
andMindanao.

ThePhilippineswasdividedadministratively
into15regionsasfollows:
LUZON
o NationalCapitalRegion(NCR)
o CordilleraAdministrativeRegion(CAR)
o Region1-Ilocos
o Region2-CagayanValley
o Region3-CentralLuzon
o Region4-SouthernT
agalog
o Region5-Bicol

ThePhilippineswasdividedadministratively
into15regionsasfollows:
VISAYAS
o Region6-WesternVisayas
o Region7-CentralVisayas
o Region8-EasternVisayas
MINDANAO
o Region9-WesternMindanao
o Region10-NorthernMindanao
o Region11-SouthernMindanao
o Region12-CentralMindanao
o AutonomousRegioninMuslimMindanao-ARMM

1.Rainfall
It is the most important element of climate in the
Philippines and is the determining factor of duration
of the natural growing period for crops in a particular
location. Rainfall is brought about by a number of
weatherpatternsandthemostimportantonesrelate
totheoccurrenceofmonsoonalairstreams,tropical
cyclone formation, the movement of the equatorial
low pressure belt or trough or also called ITCZ
(Intertropical Convergence Zone), topography and
exposure(FloresandBalagot1969;Nieuwolt1981).

2.T
emperature
The Philippines, being a region of
high insolation, surrounded by warm seas
and with warm air currents flowing over
its land masses, has a warm climate. The
mean annual temperature is about
27.1°C.

3. Humidity
The humidity of the air throughout
the Philippines is high due to the warm
moist air steams that flow, the Islands
being surrounded with seas and
endowed with lush vegetation and
abundant rainfall. The average relative
humidity in the Philippines is 80%. infall
distribution in the Philippines.

TYPES OF
CLIMATE IN
THE
PHILIPPINES

Twotypesofclassificationhavebeenadoptedinthe
Philippines:
1) the Modified system of Fr. J. Corona devised in
1920;
2)theModifiedThorntwaite'sclassificationusingthe
ratios of dry months to wet months used by F
.
Hernandezin1954.
However, only the modified Corona classification is
presentedhere.

Philippinesis alsohometomany
plant species…
According to International Union for the
ConservationofNature(IUCN), thePhilippines ranks
fifth intheworldintermsofspeciesdiversity and
endemism.
Atotal of39,100speciesoffloraandfaunahave
beenidentifiedin thecountry, ofwhichahigh67%are
endemic.

Plants foundonlyinthe
Philippines…
ABACA(Musatextilis)

Philippines…
PILI(Canariumovatum)

Philippines…
Kapa-kapa(Medinillamagnifica)

Philippines…
Lubi-lubi (Niyog- niyugan)

Philippines…
DUHAT(Syzygiumcumini)

Philippines…
JADEVINE(Strongylodonmacrobotrys)

Philippines…
KAHOY-DALAGA(Mussaendaphilippicavar‘aurorae’)

Philippines…
W
ALING-W
ALING(Vandasanderiana)

DEFINITION
SCIENCE: Systematicallyaccumulatedand
tested knowledge.It refers to theordered
knowledgeofnatural phenomenaandthe
rationalstudyoftherelationship betweenthe
concepts in whichthesephenomenaare
expressed.
PLANT: Anyorganismbelongingtothe
kingdomPlantae, typicallylackingofactive
locomotionor obviousnervoussystemor
sensoryorgansandhasphotosyntheticability.

DEFINITION
CROP:
Domesticated/cultivated
plantsgrownforprofit. It
usuallyconnotesagroup
orpopulationof
cultivatedplants.

Whatis CROPSCIENCE?
It is concernedwiththeobservationand
classificationofknowledgeconcerning
economicallycultivated crops andthe
establishment ofverifiableprinciplesregarding
theirgrowthanddevelopment forthepurposeof
derivingtheoptimumbenefit fromthem.

AGRONOMY
It camefromthe Greekword“agros”
meaning field and“nomos” meaningto
manage.Thus agronomydeals withthe
principlesandpractices ofmanagingfield
cropsandsoils.

HORTICULTURE
It camefromtheLatinwords“hortus”, which
meansa“garden”, (a termderivedfromtheAnglo-
saxonword“gyrdan”, whichmeans“to enclose”)
and“colere”, whichmeans‘to cultivate”.
Theconcept ofgardensandplantswithinan
enclosure is distinct fromthecultureoffieldcrops-
AMEDIEVALCONCEPT.
It includespomology(fruits), ornamentals
(floriculture), vegetables(olericulture), nursery
management, andlandscapegardening.

CROPPRODUCTIONasaScience,
Art andBusiness
Asascience, it isderivedfromtheadoptionorapplication
of basic sciences of chemistry, mathematics,physics and
fromvariousappliedsciences likephysiology,meteorology,
anatomy, plant breeding,etc.
Asanart, it requiresskills toproducecropswithlittle
ornoscientific training.
Asabusiness, plants arenotgrownsimplyto satisfy human
needsbuttorealizeatsomeprofit in theprocessofproduction.

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