Definition, classification with examples

1. Name: Netra Prasad Neupane
ID. No: 17BPH080

2. ANTIMICROBIALS

3. Definition: “Anti” means against and
“Microbials” means microorganism.
An antimicrobials is an agent that kills or
stops their growth.
Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according
to the microorganisms they act primarily against.

4. EX: →antibiotic are used against
bacteria.
→ Antifungals are used against fungi

5. Classification:-
 The main classes of antimicrobials agent
are as follows;
 Disinfactants.
 Antiseptic.
 Antibiotic.

6. Disinfectant:
Those chemical which kill a wide range of microbes or non-living surfaces to
prevent the spread of illness.
 Some common examples of disinfectants are as follow.
0.2 to 0.4 ppm solution of chlorine is used for sterilization of water toi
make it useful for drinking purpose.
 Dettol is act as an antiseptic as well as disinfectant used for floor cleaner
and infected clothes.
 The solution of chlorhexidine gluconate (savlon) also acts as a good
disinfectant in suitable solvent.
 An antiseptic; Bithional is added to good quality of soaps to reduce the
odours produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter on the skin.

7. Antiseptic: Those chemical which are applied to the living
tissue and helped to reduce infection during surgery.
 Examples of Antiseptics
 There are many synthetic and natural antiseptics are available for
different microorganism and with various applications.
Natural antiseptics have a wide range of applications and negligible side
effects.
Some common natural antiseptics with their applications are as follows:
Lemon: The presence of citrus juice in lemon make it a good antiseptic
which effect on immune function system, circulatory system and digestive
systems. Because of its antibacterial nature, it can use to sterilize the air
by using few of its drops in a spray bottle.
 Honey: it is a natural antiseptic which used to prevent the infection of
wounds due to presence of antibacterial agents which kill the bacteria
present in and around the wound. It can also be used for treating ulcers
and burns, diarrhea and any vomiting and stomach upsets

8. Antibiotic:
 Those chemicals which destroy microorganisms within the body
are antibiotic.
Examples of antibiotic ;
 Penicillins such as penicillin and amoxicillin
 Cephalosporins such as cephalexin(Keflex)
 Macrolides such as erythromycin (E-
Mycin), clarithromycin (Biaxin), and azithromycin (Zithromax)
 Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofolxacin
(Cipro), levofloxacin(Levaquin), and ofloxacin (Floxin)
 Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole (Bactrim)
and trimethoprim(Proloprim)

9. Mechanisms of antimicrobials;
1. Oxidation- H2O2, KMnO4,
2. Halogenation- Sodium hypochlorite.
3. Protein Precipition-AgNO3
Oxidation: The protein has a specific function in the
microorganism, e. g. Enzyme. The protein contain sulfhydryl
groups (-SH). The oxidizing agents convert the sulfhydryl into
disulphide bridge.

10. Halogenation:
 Proteins contain amides. The hydrogen of
the amides is responsible for the hydrogen
bonding necessary for proper
conformation of the protein molecule.
 Hypohalides can react with amide
hydrogen to form N- chloro derivatives.

11. Protein precipitation
 Precipitation is an important operation in
biopharmaceutical purification yet the mechanism of
protein precipitation in multi-component solutions is not
well understood. Existing models lack fundamental
understanding of the process. In this paper, a new model
describing how the protein solubility changes in the protein
precipitation is proposed and is based on the phase
equilibrium of the light liquid phase and dense solid phase.

12. Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)
 Hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening
agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions
deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar
organic materials.
 →Molecular Weight 34.014g/ mol
 →Exact Mass34.005 g/mol

13.  On laboratory H2O2 can be prepared by action of
dilute acids on metalic peroxides.
1. BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 BaSO4↓ +
H2O2+8H2O
2. 3BaO2+ 2H3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2↓+
3H2O2

14. Potassium permagnet( KMnO4)
 Pottassium Permanganate (KMnO4) is prepared
from Pyrolusite ore (MnO2). The finely
powdered Pyrolusite ore (MnO2) is fused with an alkali
metal hydroxide like KOH in the presence of air or an
oxidizing agent like KNO3 to give the dark
green potassium Manganate(K2MnO4). Potassium
manganate disproportionate in a neutral or acidic solution
to give potassium permanganate.

2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 ----------> 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3 MnO4
2- + 4H+ ------------> 2MnO4
- + MnO2 + 2H2O

15. Thank you