The quantity of blood pumped into the aorta each minute by the heart.  The amount of Blood pumped out by each ventricle into the circulation per minute.

1. CARDIAC OUTPUT

2. The quantity of Blood pumped into the aorta
each minute by the heart.
The amount of Blood pumped out by each
ventricle into the circulation per minute.
Stroke Volume: Amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle per beat.
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
= 70 ml X 72 beats per minute
= 5 L/minute

3. Cardiac Index: Cardiac output per square
meter of Body Surface Area.
Normal range 3-3.2 L/min/m2

4. Distribution of Cardiac output
 Liver 1500 ml 25%
 Kidney 1300 ml approx 25%
 Brain 750 ml
 Lungs 500 ml
 Heart 250 ml
 Skeletal Muscles 1000 ml
 Body organs & skin 500 ml
25 %
25 %

5. Factors influencing CO
 Physiological:-
Age
Sex
Surface area
Emotions
Digestion
Body temp.
Pregnancy
Muscular exercise
O2 lack, CO2 excess
Sleep – basal levels
 Pathological:-
Hyperthyroidism, Anemia, Beriberi, A-V shunt, Fever
Less VR, Cardiac factors

6. Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Cardiac Output= Arterial Pressure
Total Peri. Resistance
Venous Return: Quantity of blood flowing from
veins into right atrium each minute.
Peripheral Resistance: degree of
vasoconstriction or vasodilation of arterioles

8. Control of Cardiac Output
Extrinsic Autoregulation: Heart Rate
Intrinsic Autoregulation: Stroke Volume
Heterometric regulation: Change in Initial
length of muscle fibre
Homometric Regulation: Changes in
contractility independent of muscle length

10. Stroke Volume

11. Nervous Regulation

12. End Diastolic Volume

13. Frank Starling Law

14. Venous Return

15. Heart
Peripheral Circulation
Cardiac Output
Venous Return
Capacitance Resistance
Preload/EDV/VR
Contractility Afterload/PR/BP
Heart Rate
Which Factors Determine Cardiac Output?

16. Preload/VR/EDV
Respiratory pump
Muscle pump
Cardiac Pump
RAP
MSFP
Resistance to VR
Vasomotor tone
Ventricular Compliance
Pressure Gradient
Blood Volume
Gravity
Which factors Change The Preload?
Cardiac Output
Stroke volume

17. Afterload Influences Stroke Volume-How?

18. Contractility
Sympathetic(+)
Parasympathetic(-)
Catecholamines(+)
End Diastolic Volume(+)
Ions- Na, K, Ca(+/-)
Digitalis(+)
Acidosis(-)
Hypercapnea(-)
Hypoxia(-)
Heart rate(+)
Damage(-)
Drugs(+/-)
Cardiac Depression(-)
Stroke Volume
Which factors Change The Contractility?
Cardiac Output

19. Heart Rate
Age
Sex
Exercise
Body Temperature
Drugs
Diseases
Emotions
Respiration
Sleep
Meals
Athletes
Nerves
Cardiac Output
Which factors Change The Heart Rate?

20. Innervation Of Heart
•Increases
•Force of contraction
•Heart Rate
•Conductivity
•Excitability
•Decreases
•Force of contraction
•Heart Rate
•Conductivity
•Excitability

22. Direct Cannulation
Fick`s Method
Indicator Dilution Method
Thermodilution Method
Echocardiography
Measurement of Cardiac Output

23. Fick`s Principle states that amount of a
substance taken up by an organ per unit of time
is equal to the A-V Difference times the blood
flow.
CO(L/min)=Oxy. absorbed per min by Lungs(ml/min)
A-V Oxy.Diff(ml/L of Blood)
= 200 ml/min
40
= 5L/min
Fick`s Method

25. Dye dilution method (Evan’s blue
CO(ml/Min)= 60 x amt. of dye injected
Avg.Conc. Of dye x Total Time

26. THANK YOU