The document discusses various types of drugs and chemicals used in pharmaceuticals. It provides information on: 1. Antacids which control stomach acid levels but not the underlying cause of ulcers. Antihistamines like cimetidine and ranitidine reduce stomach acid production by blocking histamine receptors. 2. Antibiotics like penicillin and aminoglycosides which either kill or inhibit bacterial growth. Broad spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range while narrow spectrum ones target specific bacteria. 3. Antiseptics like iodine and disinfectants like phenol are used on living and inanimate surfaces respectively to prevent microbial growth. Concentration determines whether a substance acts as an ant

1. ANTACIDS

2. Antacids
 These treatments control only symptoms, and not the cause.
Therefore, with these metal salts, the patients cannot be treated
easily.
 In advanced stages, ulcers becomes life threatening.
 Histamine stimulates the secretion of pepsin and hydrochloric
acid in the stomach.
 The drug cimetidine (Tagament) was designed to prevent the
interaction of histamine with the receptors present in the stomach
wall.
 This resulted in release of leaser amount of acid. The importance
of the drug was so much that it remained the largest selling drug
in the world antil another drug, ranitidine (Zantac), was
discovered.

3. Antacids

4. Antihistamines

5. Antihistamines
1. Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
2. It contracts the smooth muscles in the bronchi and gut and
relaxes other muscles, such as those in the walls of fine
blood vessels.
3. Histamine is also responsible for the nasal congestion
associated with common cold and allergic response to
pollen.

6. Antihistamines
 Histamine is a potent vasodilator.
 It contracts the smooth muscles
 It is also responsible for the nasal congestion associated with
the common colds.

7. Antihistamines
 Bropheniramine (Dimetapp)
 Terfenadine (Seldane)

8. Antihistamines
 These antihistamines do not affect the secretion of acid in
stomach.
 This is because antiallergic and antacid drugs work on
different.

9. Tranquilizers
 Used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even severe
mental diseases.
 Relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement by inducing
a sense of well-being.
 Essential component of sleeping pills.

10. Neurologically Active Drugs
These affect the message transfer mechanism from nerve to
receptor.

11. Tranquilizers
 Used for the treatment of stress, and mild or even sever
mental diseases.
 Relieve anxiety, stress, irritability or excitement by inducing
a sense of well-being.
 Essential component of sleeping pills.

12. Neurologically Active Drugs
 Noradrenaline is one of the neurotransmitters that plays a
role in mood changes.
 If the level of noradrenaline is low for some reason, then the
signal-sending activity becomes low, and the person suffers
from depression.
 In such situations, antidepressant drugs are required.
 These drugs inhibit the enzymes which catalyse the
degradation of noradrenaline.

13. Tranquilizers

14. Mild Tranquilizers
 Mild tranquilizers chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate, are
relatively mild tranquilizers suitable for relieving tension.
 Equanil is used in controlling depression and hypertension.

15. Mild Tranquilizers

16. BARBITURATES

17. Important Points
 Derivatives of barbituric acid veronal, amytal, nembutal, luminal
and seconal constitute an important class of tranquilizers.
 These derivatives are called barbiturates.
 Barbiturates are hypnotic, i.e., sleep producing Agents.

18. Barbiturates

19. ANALGESICS
Analgesics reduce or abolish pain without causing impairment
of consciousness, mental confusion, incoordination or paralysis
or some other disturbances of nervous system.

20. NARCOTIC & NON NARCOTIC DRUGS

21. Non-Narcotic (Non-Addictive) Analgesics
1. Aspirin and paracetamol belong to the class of non-narcotic
analgesics.
2. Aspirin inhibits the synthesis of chemicals known as
prostaglandins which stimulate inflamation in the tissue
and cause pain.
3. These drugs are effective in relieving skeletal pain such as
that due to arthritis.
4. These drugs have many other effects such as reducing fever
(antipyretic).
5. Because of its anti blood clotting action, aspirin finds use in
prevention of heart attacks.

22. Narcotic (Addictive) Analgesics
1. Used for the relief of postoperative pain, cardiac pain and
pains of terminal cancer, and in childbirth.
2. Morphine and many of its homologues, when administered
in medicinal doses, relieve pain and produce sleep.
3. Morphine narcotics are sometimes referred to as opiates,
since they are obtained from the opium poppy.
4. In poisonous doses, these produce coma, convulsions and
ultimately death.

23. Narcotic Drugs

24. ANTIMICROBIALS

26. Antimicrobials
1. Inhibit the pathogenic action of microbes such as bacteria
(antibacterial drugs), fungi (antifungal agents), virus
(antiviral agents, parasites (antiparasitic drugs).
2. Antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants are antimicrobial
drugs.

27. Antibiotics
 Produced wholly or partly by chemical synthesis.
 In low concentrations inhibits the growth or destroys
microorganisms.
 Arsphenamine, known as salvarsan used for the treatment
of syphilis.
 Although salvarsan is toxic to human beings, its effect on
the bacteria, spirochete, which causes syphilis is much
greater than on human beings.

28.  Effective antibacterial agent, prontosil, which resembles
in structure to the compound, Salvarsan.
 In the body prontosil is converted to a compound called
sulphanilamide, which is the real active compound.
 Thus the sulpha drugs were discovered.
 One of the most effective is sulphapyridine.

29. Antibiotics

30. 1. Cidal effect (Kill)
Bactericidal
Penicillin,
Aminoglycosides, ofloxacin
2. Static effect (Inhibitory
Bacteriostatic
Erythromycin, tetracycline
Chloramphenicol.

31. Antibiotics effect
1. Broad spectrum Antibiotic
Kill/inhibit wide range gram +ve & gram –ve baceteria
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
(synthetic modification of penicillin)
2. Narrow spectrum antibiotic
Effective mainly against gram +ve & gram -ve bacteria
Penicillin-G
3. Limited Spectrum antibiotic
Effective against of single organisation or disease

32. Antibiotics
1. Chloramphenicol (Broad spectrum antibiotics)
It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and
hence can be given orally in case of typhoid, dysentery,
acute fever, certain form of urinary infections, meningitis
and pheumonia.
2. Vacomycin and ofloxacin are the other important broad
spectrum antibiotics.
3. The antibiotic dysidazirine is supposed to be toxic towads
certain strains of cancer cells.

34. ANTISEPTICS & DISINFECTANTS

35. Antiseptics
Drugs which are applied to the living tissues such as wounds,
cuts, ulcers and diseased skin surfaces.
Example: Furacin, Soframycin, Detoll.

36. Dettol is mixture of chloroxylenol and terpineol.

37. Bithional (also called bithional) is added to soaps to impart
antiseptic properties.
Tincture of iodine is a 2-3% solution of iodine in alcohol,
which is a powerful antiseptic for wounds.
Iodoform (CHI3) is also used as an antiseptic for wounds. Boric
acid in dilute aqueous solution is weak antiseptic for eyes.

38. DISINFECTANTS

39. Disinfectants
1. Disinfectants are applied to inanimate object such as floors,
drainage system, instruments, etc.
2. Same substances can act as an antiseptic as well as
disinfectant by varying the concentration.
3. 0.2% solution of phenol: antiseptic
1% solution: disinfectants.
4. Chlorine is the concentration of 0.2 to 0.4 ppm in aqueous
solution and sulphur dioxide in very low concentrations, are
disinfectants.

40. ANTIFERTILITY DRUGS

41. Antifertility Drugs
1. Birth control pills essentially contain a mixture of synthetic
estrogen and progesterone derivatives.
2. Both of these compounds are hormones.
3. Progesterone suppresses ovulation.
4. Synthetic progesterone derivatives are more potent than
progesteron .
5. Norethindrone is an example of synthetic progesterone
derivative most widely used as antifertility drugs
6. The estrogen derivative which is used in combination with
progesterone derivative is ethynylestradiol (novestrol).

42. Antifertility Drugs

43. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS

44. Artificial sweetening agent
1. Natural sweetners, eg., sucrose add to calories intake.
2. Many people prefer to use artificial sweetners.

45. Aspartame
1. Aspartame is the most successful and widely used artificial
sweetner.
2. It is roughly 100 times as sweet as cane sugar.
3. It is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and
phenylalanine.
4. Use of aspartame is limited to cold foods and soft drinks
because it is unstable at cooking temperature.

46. Saccharine
1. Ortho-sulfabenzamide, also called saccharin is the first
popular artificial sweetening agent.
2. It is about 550 times as sweet as cane sugar.
3. It is excreted from the body in urine unchanged.
4. It appears to be entirely inert and harmless when taken.
5. Its use is of great value of diabetic persons and people who
need to control intake of calories.

47. Sucralose
1. Sucralose is trichloro derivative of sucrose.
2. Its appearance and taste are like sugar.
3. It is stable at cooking temperature.
4. It does not provide calories.

48. Alitame
1. Alitame is high potency sweetener, although it is more
stable than aspartame.
2. The control of sweetness of food is difficult while using it.

51. FOOD PRESERVATIVES

52. Food Preservatives
1. Food preservatives prevent spoilage of food due to
microbial growth.
2. The most commonly used preservatives include table salt,
sugar vegetable oils and sodium, benzoate, C6H5COONa
3. Sodium benzoate is used in limited quantities and is
metabolised in the body.
4. Salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid are also used as
preservatives.

53. Antioxidants
1. Compounds which are used to prevent oxidation of foods
such as potato chips, biscuts, breakfast cereals, crackers etc.
2. Butylated hydroxy anisole (HBA) and butylate hydroxy
toluene (BHT) are antioxidants.
3. Addition of BHA to butter increases life from month to
years.
4. SO2 and Sulphite are useful antioxidant in beer, wine.

54. Detergents & Soaps
Two types of detergents are used as cleansing agents.
1. Soaps
2. Synthetic detergents.
Improve cleansing properties of water. These help in removal of
fats which bind other materials to the fabric or skin.

55. Soaps
Sodium and potassium Salt of long chain fatty acids.
Example- Stericacid, oleic acid and palmitic acid.

56. Saponification
1. Soap containing sodium salts are formed by heating fat (i.e.,
glyceryl ester of fatty acid) with aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution.
2. This reaction is known as saponification.

57. Important points
1. The mixture of sodium stearate and glycerine is called spent
Lye.
2. Potassium salt are soft to skin than sodium salt.

58. TYPES OF SOAPS

59. Types of Soaps
Different kind of soaps are made by using different raw
materials.
1. Toilet soaps: These are prepared by using better grade of
fat or oil and care is taken to remove excess alkali. Colour
and perfumes are added to make these more attractive.
2. Floating soaps: These can be prepared by beating Tiny
bubbles into the product before it hardness.
3. Transparent soaps: These are made by dissolving in the
ethanol and then evaporating the excess solvent.

60. Types of Soaps
4. Medicated soaps: Medicated soaps are prepared by some
antiseptics like Dettol or bithionol.
5. Shaving soaps: These contain glycerol to prevent drying. A
gum called rosin is added while making them. It forms
sodium rosinate which lather well.

61. DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP

62. Disadvantages of Soaps
Why do soaps not work in hard water?
(i) Soaps cannot be used in hard water since Calcium
magnesium ions present in hard water produce curdy
precipitates of calcium and magnesium soaps.
2C17H35COONa+CaCl2→(C17H35COO)2Ca + 2NaCl
insoluble
2C17H35COONa+MgSO4→(C17H35COO)2Mg+Na2SO4
insoluble
(ii) These insoluble soaps separate as scum in water and
causes hindrance to washing because the precipitate
adheres onto the fiber of the cloth as gummy mass. Thus, a
lot of soap is wasted if water is hard.

63. SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS

64. Anionic Detergents
 Anionic detergents are sodium salts of sulphonated long
chain alcohols or hydrocarbons.
 Alkyl hydrogen sulphates formed by treating long chain
alcohols with concentrated sulphuric acid are neutralised
with alkali to form anionic detergents.

65. Anionic Detergents

66. Anionic Detergents
 In anionic detergents, the anionic part of the molecule is
involved in the cleaning action.
 Soddium salts of alkylbenzene sulphonates are an
important class of anionic detergents.
 They are mostly used for household work.
 Anionic detergent detergents are used in toothpastes.

67. Cationic Detergents
 Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of
amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions.
 Cationic part possess a long hydrocarbon chain and a
positive charge on nitrogen atom.
 Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is a popular cationic
detergent and is used in hair conditioners.
 Cationic detergents have germicidal properties and are
expensive, therefore, these are of limited use.

68. Cationic Detergents

69. Non-ionic Detergents
Non-ionic Detergents do not contain any ion in their
constitution. One such detergent is formed when stearic acid
reacts with polyethylene glycol.

70. Non-ionic Detergents
Liquid dishwashing detergents are non-ionic type. Mechanism
of cleansing action of this type of detergents is the same as
that of soaps. These also remove grease and oil by micelle
formation.

71. 