Description about drugs

1. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 2 (SPH 0122)
MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN HAMID (012011050002)
NOR AISYAH BT ABDULLAH ZAWAWI (012011050108)
DMA GROUP 9
16 APRIL 2012
SIR WAN AZMAN
ANTI-MICROB

2. OBJECTIVE
 TO IDENTIFY THE DEFINATION OF ANTIMICROB AND
SYNTHETIC AGENT
 TO IDENTIFY INDICATIONS OF THE DRUG
 TO IDENTIFY MECHANISM OF ACTION
 TO IDENTIFY CONTRAINDICATION OF DRUG
 TO IDENTIFY SIDE EFFECT
 TO IDENTIFY SPECIAL PERCAUTION
 TO IDENTIFY OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT

3. WHAT IS ANTIMICROB
 Antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth
of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans.
There are mainly two classes of antimicrobial drugs:
 Those obtained from natural sources:
1. Beta-lactam antibiotic (such as penicillins)
2. Protein synthesis inhibitors(such as aminoglycosides)
 Synthetic agents:
1. Anti-helminthes
2. Anti-fungal
3. Anti-viral

4. ANTI-HELMINTHES

5. INDICATION OF DRUG
 Anti helmintics or antihelminthics are drugs that
expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body, by
either stunning or killing them.
 This includes both flat worms, flukes and tapeworms
and round worms.
 such as nematodes, cestodes, trematodes,
infectious protozoa, and amoebae.

6. TYPE OF ANTI HELMINTHES
DRUG
 Type
-Albendazole
-Mebandazole
-Thiabendazole
-Fenbendazole
-Triclabendazole
-Flubendazole

7. Albendazole
 Albendazole is used to treat infections caused by
worms. Albendazole works by keeping the worm from
absorbing sugar (glucose), so that the worm loses
energy and dies.
 Albendazole is used to treat:
-Hydatid disease (echinococcosis);
-Infection of the nervous system caused by pork
tapeworms (neurocysticercosis).

8. ALBEN Tablets
Albendazole 200mg
Box of 30 strips of 2 tablets each

9. Mebandazole
 Mebendazole belongs to the family of medicines
called anthelmintics. Anthelmintics are medicines
used in the treatment of worm infections.
 Mebendazole is used to treat:
-Common roundworms (ascariasis);
-Hookworm infections (uncinariasis);
-Pinworms (enterobiasis; oxyuriasis);
-Whipworms (trichuriasis); and
-More than one worm infection at a time.

10. Mebendazole Tablets USP 500 mg

12. Thiabendazole
 This medication is used to treat roundworm infections
such as threadworm, hookworm/creeping eruption
(cutaneous larva migrans), and visceral larva migrans
(toxocariasis). This medication is also used for other
types of roundworm infections such as pinworm,
whipworm, large roundworm (ascariasis),
and trichinosis when other therapies have failed or
are unavailable.

13. Triclabendazole
 Triclabendazole is a member of the
benzimidazole family of anthelmintics. The
benzimidazole drugs share a common molecular
structure, triclabendazole being the exception in
having a chlorinated benzene ring but
no carbamate group.

14. MECHANISM OF ACTION
 An anti helmintic may interfere with the parasites'
carbohydrate metabolism, inhibit their respiratory
enzymes, block their neuromuscular action, or render
them susceptible to destruction by the host's
macrophages.

15. SIDE EFFECT
 Anthelmintics usually do not cause side effects.
 However, sometimes the drugs produce diarrhoea,
headaches, and dizziness.

16. SPECIAL PERCAUTIONS
 wash your bedding every 2-3 days in non chlorine
oxygen bleach
 DO NOT eat any raw or uncooked foods such as
carpaccio or sushi.
 avoiding sources of infection like untreated or fresh
water

17. CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Presence of known allergy to any of these drugs
 Lactation
 Pregnancy (in most cases)
 Caution should be used in the presence of renal or
hepatic disease or severe diarrhea and
malnourishment

18. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
 Giving medicines in very small doses will not affect the
parasitic host.
 It should be noted, though, that overdose of anti-
parasitics can be exceptionally dangerous to the
person taking them.
 Dosage must be properly controlled to avoid this

19. ANTI-FUNGAL

20. INDICATION OF DRUG
 An antifungal drug is medication used to
treat fungal infections such as athlete's
foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic
infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and
others
 There are also many different types of antifungal
medicines, including:
- clotrimazole
- econazole nitrate
- miconazole

21. TYPE OF ANTI FUNGAL DRUG
a. Antifungal antibiotics
-Polyene antibiotics (Amphoterican
B/Nystatin/hamycin/Natamcin)
-Others (Griseofluvin)
b. Antimetabolites
-Flucytosine
c. Azole
-Clotrimazole
-Econazole
-miconazole
d. Miscellaneous
-Terbinafine
-Pneumocandins

22. Antifungal antibiotics
Polyene antibiotics
• Polyene antibiotics, are a class
of antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi.
• These polyene antimycotics are typically obtained
from some species of Streptomyces bacteria.
• The polyenes bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell
membrane and promote leakiness which may
contribute to fungal cell death
• Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are
examples of polyene antimycotics.

23. Cont..
Amphotericin B
 Amphotericin B is used to kill fungus that can cause
serious or life-threatening infections.
 Amphotericin B is not effective against bacterial
infections or viruses.
Nystatin
 Nystatin is used to treat fungal infections of the skin,
mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract.
 Nystatin works by stopping the growth of the fungus

24. Cont
Hamycin
 It is similar to nystatin but more water soluble.
 This medication is a polyene antimycotic organic
compound, prescribed for oral thrush, and vaginal
infections.
Natamcin
 Natamycin (INN), also known as pimaricin, is a naturally
occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation
by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly
found in soil.
 Natamycin is classified as a macrolide polyene antifungal
and, as a drug, is used to treat fungal keratitis.

25. Amphotericin B for Injection, USP

26. Antimetabolite
 An antimetabolite is a chemical that inhibits the use
of a metabolite, which is another chemical that is part
of normal metabolism.
Flucytosine
-belongs to the group of medicines called antifungals.
It is used to treat certain fungus infections.

27. Azole
Clotrimazole
 Clotrimazole is used to treat yeast infections of the
vagina, mouth, and skin such as athlete's foot, jock
itch, and body ringworm. It can also be used to
prevent oral thrush in certain patients.

28. Cont..
Econazole
 Econazole nitrate is an antifungal medication of
the imidazole class.
 used to treat infections caused by a fungus.
 They work by killing the fungus or preventing its growth.
Miconazole
 Miconazole, an antifungal agent, is used for skin infections
such as athlete's foot and jock itch and for vaginal yeast
infections.
 Miconazole comes as a cream, lotion, powder, spray liquid,
and spray powder to be applied to the skin.

29. Econazole nitrate 1% cream - 30 gm

30. Miscellaneous
Terbinafine
 Terbinafine is used to treat certain types of fungal
infections (e.g., fingernail or toenail). It works by
stopping the growth of fungus. This medication
belongs to a class of drugs known as antifungals.

31. Terbinafine 1%

32. MECHANISM OF ACTION
 Antifungals work by exploiting differences between
mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism
without dangerous effects on the host.
 Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans
are eukaryotes.

33. SIDE EFFECT
Depending on which type of antifungal medicine you are
using.
 Topical antifungals
- irritation
- a mild burning sensation
- itching
- redness
 Oral antifungals
- feeling sick
- diarrhoea
- headache

34.  Intravenous antifungals
- loss of appetite
- feeling sick
- vomiting
- diarrhoea
- chills
- headache
- muscle and joint pain

35. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
 Keep your skin clean and dry. Shampoo your hair and
scrub your skin regularly, then dry them thoroughly.
 If symptoms do not improve within a few weeks, the
prescribing physician should be informed.
 While taking this medicine, regular medical visits
should be scheduled. The physician needs to keep
checking for side effects throughout the antifungal
therapy.

36. CONTRAINDICATIONS
 Anyone with a known allergy
 Pregnant or lactating women (with the exception of
terbinafine for life-threatening infections)
 Patients with renal or liver disease
-Drug metabolism or excretion may be altered, or
condition may worsen as a result of the actions of the
drug

37. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
 The recommended dosage depends on the type of
antifungal drug and the nature and extent of fungal
infection being treated.
 Doses may also be different for different patients.
 The prescribing physician or the pharmacist can
provide dosage information.

38. ANTI-VIRAL

39. INDICATION OF DRUG
 Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used
specifically for treating viral infections.
 Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific
viruses.

40. TYPE OF ANTI VIRAL DRUG
a. Anti-herpes virus agent
-Acyclovir
-Valaciclovir
b. Anti-influenza
-Amantadine
-Zanamir
c. Anti-retroviral
-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(Lamivudine/Zadovudine)
-non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(Nevirapine/Efavirenz)

41. Anti-herpes virus agent
Acyclovir
 Acyclovir is an antiviral drug. It slows the growth and
spread of the herpes virus so that the body can fight
off the infection.
 Acyclovir is used to treat infections caused by herpes
viruses. Illnesses caused by herpes viruses include
genital herpes, cold sores, shingles, and chicken pox.

42. Cont..
Valaciclovir
 Valaciclovir or valacyclovir (brand names Valtrex,
Zelitrex) is an antiviral drug used in the management
of herpes simplex and herpes zoster (shingles).
 It slows the growth and spread of the herpes virus so
that the body can fight off the infection.
 Valacyclovir will not cure herpes, but it can lessen the
symptoms of the infection.

43. Acyclovir (generic ZOVIRAX) 400mg x30s
Tablets

44. Anti-influenza
Amantadine
 Amantadine is an antiviral medicine. It is used to
prevent or treat certain influenza (flu) infections (type
A).
 Amantadine will not work for colds, other types of flu,
or other virus infections.

45. Cont..
Zanamir
 Zanamivir is a prescription medication used to treat
and prevent the flu(influenza).
 Zanamivir may also be given to prevent influenza in
people who may be exposed but do not yet have
symptoms.

46. Amantadine 100mg

47. Anti-retroviral
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
 Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) are a class
of antiretroviral drug used to
treat HIV infection, tumors, and cancer. RTIs inhibit act
ivity of reverse transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase
enzyme that retroviruses need to reproduce.

48. Cont..
Lamivudine
 Lamivudine is an oral medication that is used for the
treatment of infections with the human
immunodeficiency (HIV) and hepatitis B viruses.
Zadovudine
 Zidovudine is used alone or with other medications to
treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in
patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
 It will slow the spread of HIV infection in the body.

49. Lamivudine Tablets 100mg

50. Cont..
Non- Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
 Non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
(NNRTIs) are the third class of antiretroviral drugs that
were developed.
 attach themselves to reverse transcriptase and
prevent the enzyme from converting RNA to DNA.

51. Cont..
Nevirapine
 Nevirapine is used in combination with other medications
to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in
patients with or without acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS).
 It works by decreasing the amount of HIV in the blood.
Efavirenz
 Efavirenz is used with other medications to treat human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in patients with or
without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
 It works by slowing the spread of HIV in the body

52. Efavirenz 200 mg
Capsules/Efavirenz 600 mg Tablets

53. MECHANISM OF ACTION
 Antiviral drugs work by inhibiting the virus before it
enters the cell, stopping it from reproducing, or, in
some cases, preventing it from exiting the cell.
 However, like antibiotics, viruses may evolve to resist
the antiviral drug.

54. SIDE EFFECT
 Depending on what antiviral medication you are
taking and your reaction to it
 However, some possible side effects that are common
to many antiviral drugs include dizziness, fatigue,
joint or muscle pain, headache, dry mouth, nausea,
vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, insomnia, and
mild anxiety or irritability.

55. SPECIAL PERCAUTIONS
 Get Enough Sleep
 Wash Your Hands
 Stay Away From Sick People
 Each of the drugs listed has specific warnings. See
specific drugs references or ask a pediatrician.

56. CONTRAINDICATION
 allergy to the drug
 Pregnancy (in most cases)

57. OVERDOSE MANAGEMENT
 The recommended dosage depends on the type of
antiviral drug and the nature and extent of viral
infection being treated.
 Doses may also be different for different patients.
 The prescribing physician or the pharmacist can
provide dosage information.