ES UNIT-I.pptx

DEPT & SEM :
SUBJECT NAME :
COURSE CODE :
UNIT :
PREPARED BY :
ECE & VII
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
ES
I
N GUNASEKHAR REDDY

COURSE:ES UNIT: I Pg. 2
OUTLINE-INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
• Definition of Embedded System
• Embedded System Vs General Computing Systems
• History of Embedded Systems
• Classification of embedded systems
• Major Application Areas
• Characteristics of embedded systems
• Purpose of Embedded Systems
• Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems

INTRODUCTION
A system is a way of working organizing or doing
one or many tasks according to a fixed plan, program
or set of rules.
A system is also an arrangement in
which all its units assemble and work
together according to the plan or program.

SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial, Chassis and Strap
Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours

SYSTEM
EXAMPLES
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM
Parts: Status display panel, Switches & Dials, Motor, Power
supply & control unit, Inner water level sensor and
solenoid valve.
Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining

INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is an Embedded Systems?

1.2 Embedded System Vs General Computing Systems

Here, are important milestones from the history of embedded system:
In 1960, embedded system was first used for developing Apollo Guidance System by
Charles Stark Draper at MIT.
In 1965, Autonetics, developed the D-17B, the computer used in the Minuteman
missile guidance system.
1.3 History of Embedded system

Apollo Guidance System
The first recognizably modern embedded system.
Developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
Used in real time astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information.
Automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft.
The Apollo flight computer was the first to use integrated Circuits (ICs).
The computer’s RAM was magnetic core memory (4K words) and ROM was implemented
as core rope memory (32K Words)

D-17 Guidance Computer
The first mass-produced embedded system developed for Minuteman missile.
Built from discrete transistor logic and had a disk for main memory.

Based on Generation.
Complexity and Performance Requirements.
Based on Deterministic Behaviour
Based on Triggering.
1.4 Classification of Embedded Systems

 First Generation:
 Earlier embedded systems which were built using 8 bit Microprocessors and
4-bit Microcontrollers come under this category.
 8085, Z80 and 4-bit Microcontrollers SIC60 family from EPSON, EM6607
from EM Microelectronics etc…
 Simple in hardware circuits with firmware developed in Assembly
Language.
 Digital Telephone keypads, Stepper motor Control Units etc are example
of this generation.
Based On Generation

 Second Generation:
 Earlier embedded systems which were built using 16-bit
Microprocessors and 8-bit Microcontrollers come under this
category.
 8086, Z800 and 8-bit Microcontrollers 8051family from Atmel, At
mega, Philips etc..
 Complex in hardware circuits with more complex instruction
set compared to first generation systems with some containing
operating systems for their operations.
 Data Acquisition System, SCADA Systems are example
of this generation.

 Embedded systems which are built using 32-bit Microprocessors and 16-bit
Microcontrollers come under this category.
 A new concept of Application specific and domain specific
processor/controllers like DSP Processors and Application specific Integrated
Circuits came into picture.
 Instruction sets became more complex and powerful with an introduction of Instuction
pipelining concept introduced.
 Processors like Intel, Pentium, Motorola 68k gained attention in high performance
embedded requirement.
 Dedicated Embedded real-time and general purpose
operating systems enter into the market.
 Robotics, Media, Industrial Process Control, networking etc….are example of this
generation.
Third Generation:

 With the advent of System on Chip SoC, reconfigurable
processors and multicore processors are bringing high
performance, tight integration and miniaturisation into the
embedded device market.
 The SoC technique implements a total system on a chip by
integrating different
functionalities with a processor core on an integrated circuit.
 They make use of high performance real time embedded
operating systems for their functioning.
 Smart Phone devices, Mobile Internet
Devices(MIDs) etc are examples of this eneration.
Fourth Generation:

CLASSIFICA
TIONSOF
EMBEDDEDSYSTEM
1. Small Scale Embedded System
2. Medium Scale Embedded System
3. Large Scale Embedded System

 They are built using low performance, low cost 8 or
16-bit Microprocessor/Microcontrollers.
 They may or may not contain an operating system
for their functioning.
 Simple in application need and performance is not time
critical.
 An electronic toy is an example of it.
SMALL SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 Tools for development of embedded software – Editor, assembler and
cross assembler, integrated development environment (ISE) specific
to the microcontroller or processor used.
 C or Java used for developing .
 C program compilation is done into the assembly, and executable
codes are then appropriately located in the system memory.
 Software fits within the memory available and keep in view the
need to limit power dissipation when system is running continuously.

 Systems are built around medium performance an low
cost 16 or 32-bit microprocessors or microcontrollers or
Digital signal processors.
 They usually contain an operating system (general
purpose or real time operating system) for its
functioning.
 Slightly complex in hardware and firmware(software)
requirements.
MEDIUM SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

 Programming tools: C/C++/Visual C++/Java, RTOS, and
Source code engineering tool.
 Simulator, Debugger and Integrated Development
Environment (IDE).
 Software tools provide the solutions to the hardware
complexities.

 They are built around 32 or 64-bit RISC processors/controllers or
Reconfigurable System on Chip (RSoC) or multi-core processors and
programmable logic devices.
 They involve highly complex hardware and firmware in this category.
 They may contain multiple processors/controllers and co- units/hardware
accelerators for offloading the processing requirements from the main processor
of the embedded system.
 They are employed in mission critical applications which demands high
performance.
 They contain real time operating system for task scheduling, prioritization
and management.
LARGE SCALE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

SoC Example - Raspberry Pi

Embedded Systems - Classification Based on deterministic
behavior: It is applicable for Real Time systems. The
application/task execution behavior for an embedded system can be
either deterministic or non- deterministic
These are classified in to two types
1.Soft Real time Systems: Missing a deadline may not be critical
andcanbetoleratedtoacertaindegree
2.Hard Real time systems: Missing a program/task execution time
deadline can have catastrophicconsequences(financial,humanlossoflife,
etc.)

Embedded Systems Classification Based on Triggering:
These are classified into two types
1.Event Triggered : Activities within the system (e.g., task
run-times) are dynamic and depend upon occurrence of
differentevents.
2.Time triggered: Activities within the system follow a
statically computed schedule (i.e., they are allocated time slots
during which they can take place) and thus by nature are
predictable.

1.5 Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems

1.6 Purpose of Embedded Systems

Introduction

1.7 Characteristics of Embedded Systems

1.7.1 Application and Domain Specific

1.7.2 Reactive and Real Time

1.7.3 Operaion in Hash Environment

1.7.4 Distributed

1.7.5 Small Size and Weight

1.7.6 Power Concerns

1.8 Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems

1.8.1 Operational Quality Attributes

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes Response

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes  Throughput

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes Reliability

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes Maintainability

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes Security

1.8.1. Operational Quality Attributes Safety

1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes

1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes Testability & Debugability

1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes Evolvability
1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes Portability

1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes Time to Prototype and Market

1.8.2. Non-Operational Quality Attributes Per Unit Cost and Revenue

1. Embedded System is a……………………………………….
A. An Electronic System
B. A Mechanical System
C. An Electro-Mechanical System
D. Both A & C
2. Which of the following is not an example of a “Small Scale Embedded System”?
A. Electronic Barbie doll
B. Simple Calculator
C. Cell Phone
D. Electronic toy car
Multiple Choice Questions

3. Which of the following is (are) an intended purpose(s) of embedded systems?
A. Data Collection
B. Data Processing
C. Data Communication
D. All of these
4. Which of the following is an (are) examples of embedded system for data
communication?
A. USB Mass storage device
B. Network router
C. Digital Camera
D. Music player

5. A digital multi meter is an example of an embedded system for
A. Data communication
B. Monitoring
C. Control
D. All of these
6. Which of the following is true about Embedded Systems?
A. Reactive and Real Time
B. Distributed
C. Operates in harsh environment
D. All of these

7. Quality attributes of an embedded system are
A. Functional requirements
B. Non-Functional requirements
C. Both
D. None of these
8. Which of the following is true about Embedded Systems?
A. Reactive and Real Time
B. Distributed
C. Operates in harsh environment
D. All of these

9. Example of second generation embedded system is………..
A. Digital Telephone keypads
B. Stepper motor Control Units
C. DataAcquisition System
D. Robotics
10.In…………………...typeofsystemsmissing a program/task execution
time deadline can have catastrophicconsequences.
A. Soft real time systems
B. Hard real time systems
C. Complex systems
D. All of these

Define embedded systems.
Explain the history of embedded systems.
List out the classification of embedded systems.
List out the major application areas of embedded systems.
What are the characteristics of embedded systems.
List out the operational quality attributes of embedded systems.
List out the non-operational quality attributes of embedded systems.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

What is an embedded system? Explain the different applications of embedded systems.
Difference between embedded systems and general computing systems.
Explain the various purpose of embedded systems in detail with illustrative examples.
Explain the different classifications of embedded systems. Give an example for each.
Explain the different characteristics of embedded systems in detail.
Explain in detail about Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems.
TEN MARKS QUESTIONS

THANK YOU

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