Presentation for the Entrepreneurship Research Session at the StartUp Saudi Arabia 2018 held at The Ritz-Carlton, Jeddah on Nov 26, 2018. The paper was co-authored by four of my students. Three of them participated in the event.

1. ‫طﻼب‬ ‫بين‬ ‫اﻷعمال‬ ‫ريادة‬ ‫نية‬ ‫على‬ ‫تؤثر‬ ‫التي‬ ‫العوامل‬ ‫استكشاف‬
‫السعودية‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اﻷعمال‬
Exploring the factors affecting entrepreneurial
intention among business students in Saudi Arabia
Main Author and Presenter
Dr. Najmul Hoda
Faculty – College of Business, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, KSA
Co-authors
Abdullah Kinsara; Afnan Mushtaq; Mohammad Hakeem; Mwafaq Al-Hakami
BABA Students, College of Business, Umm Al-Qura University, KSA
Hotel Ritz-Carlton, Jeddah
Nov. 26, 2018

2. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
ConclusionsIntroduction
2
 Significance of Entrepreneurship:
 in optimal utilization of resources by entrepreneurs who contribute
to the growth of economy
 helps it sustain the overall growth of the country
 Saudi Vision 2030 has identified
 entrepreneurship (of all types – small and large) as one of the
pillars of growth and diversification
 Promoting entrepreneurship through education is one of its
main means
 Need for research
 to understand the prevailing tendencies among individuals
especially the youth
 Scientifically measuring entrepreneurial intention (EI) -
predicting the entrepreneurial behavior

3. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Entrepreneurial
Environment in KSA:
The Positives
3
 Number of successful start-ups in the Kingdom has increased
significantly
 Established centers of excellence - King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology (KAUST); Mohammad Bin Salman
College of Business and Entrepreneurship; entrepreneurship
seminars at King Khalid University; courses taught at the CoB-
UQU, etc
Women participation in economy has increased – cash asset in
commercial as high as US$ 100 Billion; number of women
entrepreneurs – from 7% to 39% between 2007 and 2017
Infrastructural support increased 3 times – prominently in areas
like Riyadh, Jeddah, Dhahran and Makkah

4. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Entrepreneurial
Environment in KSA:
The Concerns
4
 Contribution of SMEs to the GDP is just about
20% compared to 70% in other developing
countries
 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report
2017 highlights other areas of concern –
 ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION
 FINANCING
 POLICIES

5. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Literature Review
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5
 EI has been studied using ad hoc as well as
standardized instruments
 “academic entrepreneurship” and “entrepreneurial
universities” are value associated with institutions
that promote entrepreneurial mindset among
students
 Several studies measuring EI (Ambad and Damit,
2015; Ahmaruddin, et al, 2016; Sandhu, et al., (2011)
 Theory of Planned Behavior has been used in several
studies (Essa and Ibrahim, 2018; James et al, 2016; Al-
Mobaireek and Manolova, 2012)

6. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Theoretical Model
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6
The Entrepreneurial Intention Model based on
Theory of Planned Behavior (Adapted from Linan
and Chen 2009)

7. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
ConclusionsResearch Objectives
3/7
7
 To measure the entrepreneurial intention (EI) of
business students in Saudi universities
 To test the relationship between human capital
(demographic and social factors) and
entrepreneurial intention (EI).

8. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
ConclusionsResearch Methodology
3/7
8
 primary data collected mainly through google
survey
 survey instrument used was Entrepreneurial
Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) – first developed by
Moriano (2011) for a study on Spanish students
 four subscales: attitudes toward entrepreneurship;
subjective norms; perceived behavioral control;
and entrepreneurial intention
 270 valid responses

9. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Analysis and Results -
Descriptive
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9
Descriptive Statistics (Table 1)
 Gender – 65.6% males and 34.4% females
 Age group – maximum in 19-21 and 22-24
 Majority received 2-3 years of business
education

10. 10
Frequency
(N = 270)
Percent
Gender Male 177 65.6
Female 93 34.4
AGE
19-21 182 67.4
22-24 72 26.7
25-30 13 4.8
30 and above 3 1.1
Self-employment Yes 72 26.7
No 198 73.3
Role model Yes 148 54.8
No 122 45.2
Years of Business
Education
1-2 77 28.5
2-3 157 58.1
4 & above 36 13.3
Level of Business
Education
Undergraduate
(BBA/BCA/BCom) 255 94.4
Postgraduate
(MBA/MCom/Other) 12 4.4
No response 03 1.2
Table 1: Descriptive statistics

11. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Analysis and Results -
Satisfaction
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11
 measured on 7 point Likert scale
 The overall entrepreneurial intention
(Mean = 5.39) is on the higher side

12. 12
Mean
(N = 270)
S.D.
I am ready to do anything to be an
entrepreneur
5.37 1.57
My professional goal is to become an
entrepreneur
5.41 1.71
I will make every effort to start and run my
own firm
5.54 1.60
I am determined to create a firm in the
future
5.41 1.67
I have very seriously thought of starting a
firm
5.03 1.93
I have the firm intention to start a firm some
day
5.85 1.69
Overall 5.39
Table 2 - Entrepreneurial Intention

13. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
Conclusions
Analysis and Results –
Inferential Analysis
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13
 Gender was found to be not significantly
related to EI
 Previous self-employment experience, role
model and age were all found to be significant
 number of years a students has spent in
receiving business education did not show any
significant difference

14. 14
Relationship Test applied Sig. (α =
0.05)
Result
1. Gender – EI t-test 0.834 No significant
difference
2. Self-employment
– EI
t-test 0.036 Significant
difference
3. Role Model – EI t-test 0.000 Significant
difference
4. Age – EI ANOVA 0.040 Significant
difference
5. Business
Education
completed – EI
ANOVA 0.242 No significant
difference
Table 3: Inferential Statistics

15. Introduction
Literature Review
Research Objectives
Research Methodology
Analysis and Results
ConclusionsConclusions
6/7
15
 help in developing the curriculum
 may include more stories/case studies of ventures and
businessmen/businesswomen who may become a role
model
 enabling environment - universities may try to
motivate students who are from business
background or closely know a businessman to take
him as a role model
 entrepreneurial curriculum may be included at any stage and
depending upon the requirement
 subsequent version of this paper will present the complete results of
the test of model

16. Acknowledgements
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16
We thank our institution Umm Al-Qura
University for its support in completing this
research. We also express our sincere gratitude
to all the BBA students of College of
Business at Umm Al-Qura University and
other universities who participated in this
research.

17. Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details
Results and Analysis
ConclusionsReferences (Selected)
7/7
17
1. Ajzen, I., (1991). "The theory of planned behavior". Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes. 50 (2): 179–211
2. Almobaireek, W.N., Manolova, T.S., (2012), Who wants to be an entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurial intention among Saudi university students, African Journal of
Business Management, 6(11), 1029
3. Ambad, S N A and Damit, D H, (2016). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention
Among Undergraduate Students in Malaysia, Procedia Economics and Finance,
Volume 37, 2016, Pages 108-114
4. Armitage, C.J., and Conner, M., (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned
behaviour: A meta-analytic review, British journal of social
psychology, 40 (4) (2001), pp. 471-499
5. Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G., and Crick, A., (1998) Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy
distinguish entrepreneurs from managers? Journal of Business Venturing, 13 (4),
pp. 295-316
6. Huyghe, A., & Knockaert, M. (2014). The influence of organizational culture and
climate on entrepreneurial intentions among research scientists. The Journal of
Technology Transfer, 40(1), 138-160.

18. Introduction
Related Works
Proposed Approach
Experimental Details
Results and Analysis
ConclusionsReferences (Selected)
7/7
18
7. Ismail, M., Khalid, S. and Othman, M., Jusoff, K., and Abdul Rahman,
N., and Mohamed K., and Rozihana, S.K. (2009). Entrepreneurial intention among
Malaysian undergraduates. International Journal of Business and Management, 4
(10). pp. 54-60. ISSN 1833-8119
8. Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., and Carsrud, A.L., (2000). Competing models of
entrepreneurial intentions, Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (5) (2000), pp. 411-
432
9. Liñán, F. (2005). Development and validation of an Entrepreneurial Intention
Questionnaire (EIQ). En 15th Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and
Training Conference, Guildford.
10. Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. -W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a
specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship
Theory and Practice, 33(3) (in press).
11. Thompson, E.R., (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification
and development of an internationally reliable metric, Entrepreneurship Theory
and Practice, 33 (3) (2009), pp. 669-694

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