Departmment of Zoology University of Sindh

1. Presented by: ABDUL REHMAN SHAIKH
Roll no 2k18-MZOO-01

2.  Study of functioning of immune system
and disorders of system.
 Immune means ‘free from burden’
 Immunization:
A process in which organisms is resisted
from micro-organisms or diseases.

3.  Immune system :
It is internal body defense system consists
of many biological components and process
within organisms that defense from diseases.
 Immunity
A capability of body to immune
against diseases.

4.  Types of immunity
A: Active Immunity = the production of
Antibodies in body of organisms.
Example : Vaccinations( to develop
immunity against diseases)
B: Passive Immunity= the transfusion of
Antibodies from one organism to another
organism .
Example: first breast feeding of mother
(colostrum) to her baby.

5.  03 Lines of defense system=
 First Line
 Second Line
 Third Line
 First & Second lines are non-specific in nature,
while third line of system is specific in nature.

6.  First line includes
a) Skin
b) Mucous membranes of systems (lining of
digestive, respiratory ,urinogenital tracts.)
c) Enzymes in saliva, tears.

7.  Second line of immune system includes
 White blood cells (leucocytes)
• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• Eosinophils
Granulocytes
• Monocytes
• LymphocytesAgrnulocytes

8.  Second line of system also includes
a. N K Cells(Natural killers cells a group of
WBCS).
b. Antimicrobial Protiens ( Interferons).
c. Inflammation.
 Mast cells
 Histamine
 Heparin
 Histamine and heparin produced by
basophils.

9.  Inflammation:
 Definition:
 It is a protective response of vascularized living
tissues to injury .
 The inflammation process includes a sequence of
events that can be heal the impant sites.
 Where there is an injury ,the inflammation will be
there.
 Two types :
A. Acute inflammation.
B. Chronic inflammation.

10.  Cardinal signs of inflammation includes
 Redness:
 Heat (warm up):
 Swelling:
 Pain:
 Loss of function:

11.  Third line of defense includes
 Major role of lymphocytes cells
 B lymphocytes (B=Bone Marrow) &
 T lymphocytes (T=Thymus).

12.  First & second lines of defense constitutes
the INNATE Immune system.
 Innate immune system is natural immune
responses and by birth.
 Only third line of defense system constitutes
the ADAPTIVE Immune system.
 The adaptive immune system is artificial
immune responses.

13.  Adaptive immune system is third line and
specific in nature.
 It has two types
I. Humoral immunity ( also called as Antibody
mediated immunity.
II. Cell mediated immunity.

14.  The main cells involved in humoral immunity
are B cells. Theses cells originated and
matured in bone marrow.
 It protects against extracellular pathogens.
 Productions of plasma cells, secreting
antibodies.
 Response is rapid.

15.  Antigen stimulate B cells to convert into
plasma cells that produce antibodies.
 Antigen:= A foreign unique molecules that
triggers or elicit a immune response against
istelf when it gains entry into body.
 An antigen is not always foreign particle.
 Antibody also called as Immunoglobulin.
 Are group of proteins (gamma globulins)
produced by body from B lymphocytes(
plasma cells)in response to antigen.

16.  Antibodies are Y shaped molecules secreted
in blood or lymph.
 Subclasses of Immunoglobulin
i. IgM
ii. IgG
iii. IgE
iv. IgA
v. IgD

17.  The main cells involved in the CMI are T-cells.
These cells are originated in bone marrow but
matured in thymus gland.
 The cell mediated immunity protects
intracellular pathogens.
 The end result of activation is secretion of
cytokines.
 The response is delayed.

18. 1) Which cells form the plasma cells? ans……..
2) Antibodies vanishes quickly in what kind of
immunity? Ans……..
3) Thymus gland is involved in the maturation
of ………..cells? Ans……..
4) An antigen is foreign protein or any other
molecules which stimulates the formation
of? Ans………..
5) In passive immunity which one of the
followings substances are injected into
body? Ans………..

19. 6 Vaccination is example of ? Ans……..
7 Cell mediated immunity is involved the
formation of ………..? Ans……….
8 Snake bite is treated with which type of
immunity? Ans……..
9 Antibody is ? Ans……..
10 Antigen are often which kind of
biomolecules?.Ans……
11 Plasma cells are not components of which
immunity?Ans……
12 Adaptive immune system is
………….&……….?Ans……

20. 13. Immediate protection against diseases is
obtained from? Ans……..
14.Injection of antisera is an example of?
Ans……….
15.Another name of antibody is ?
Ans…………………
16. Write the names of types antibodies?
Ans……………………………
17.Which one types of antibodies which
transfers from mother to foetus through
placental membranes during embroynic
growth? Ans………

21. 18.Ig stand for…………………..
19. After the birth of baby the type of antibody
which transfer from mother to baby through
first breast feeding (colostrum) is …………….
20.Which type of leucocytes is most numerous?
Ans………