As far as Nepalese people are concerned, they are very bad in their food habits. Disease like ulcer and diabetes are rampant along Nepalese people. Moreover, there are areas in the country where there is a severe malnutrition. Factors influencing food habits •Individual Preferences Every individual has unique likes and dislikes concerning foods. •Cultural Influences A cultural group provides guidelines regarding acceptable foods, food combinations, eating patterns, and eating behaviors. •Social Influences Members of asocial group depend on each other, share a common culture, and influence each other's behaviors and values.

1. Greenhouse gases and its global
scenario
RAMANAND PANDIT

2. Green house gases
• The earth is surrounded by a cover of gases as atmosphere.
This atmosphere allows most of the light to pass through,
which reaches the surface of earth.
• This light from sun is absorbed by the earth surface and
converts into heat energy.
• This heat energy is re-emitted by the surface of the earth
during night. Due excessive presence of some gasses in the
atmosphere, this escape of heat from earth surface is
prevented, resulting in heating of earth called ‘global
warming’.
• The gasses which are responsible for causing global
warming are called ‘greenhouse gasses’.

4. • The harmful effects of presence of greenhouse
gasses in atmosphere are global warming,
climate change, ozone depletion, sea level
rise, adverse effects on biodiversity etc.
• One way or another these adverse impacts are
all directly or indirectly related to the
presence of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.

5. • A number of human activities, processes and
consumptions produce waste gasses or
greenhouse gasses that are harmful to the
environment. They include:
(a) Fuel combustion
(b) Energy industries
(c) Manufacturing industries and construction
(d) Vehicle Transport and automobiles
(e) Burning of solid fuels
(f) Use of oil and natural gas
(g) Mineral products

6. (h) Chemical industry
(i) Metal production
(j) Production of halocarbons and
sulfur hexafluoride
(k) Consumption of halocarbons
and sulfur hexafluoride
(l) Solvent and other product use
(m) Enteric fermentation
(n) Manure management
(o) Rice cultivation
(p) Agricultural soils
(q) Field burning of
agricultural residues
(r) Solid waste disposal on land
(s) Wastewater handling
(t) Waste incineration

7. • Brief description and effects of six important
greenhouse gases are given below:
• a. Carbon dioxide (CO2) –
• A naturally occurring gas produced by living
organisms and fermentation. It is a normal
component of the breath we exhale; it is hazardous
in concentrated volumes.
• Large quantity of carbon dioxide is produced by the
combustion of carbonaceous fuels. Carbon dioxide
emissions from fuel burning, responsible for about
87 percent of global warming, have increased by
about 27 percent since the industrial revolution.

8. b. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) –
• Nitrogen oxides are naturally occurring from
microbial action in soil.
• NOx is also produced by fuel burning.
Scientists say its production is increased by
the use of nitrogen based fertilizers in
agriculture, as well as by the use of catalytic
converters in automobiles.

9. c. Methane (CH4) –
• Methane is a naturally occurring, in-flammable
gas.
• Methane is produced by geological coal
formations and by the decomposition of organic
matters.
• Leading man-related sources of methane are
landfills; livestock digestive processes and waste,
especially ruminants (cud-chewing animals); and
wetland rice cultivation.

10. d. Hydroflurocarbon gasses (HFCs) –
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), the coolant, cleaning,
and propellant gases were blacklisted
internationally due to its ozone-eating
characteristics.
• HFCs do contribute to global warming. Global
warming potential of HFCs is 4,000 to 10,000
times that of CO2.

11. e. Perfluorocarbons (PFC), or perflurocompounds –
• Man-made replacement gases for CFCs but result
also as a by-product of aluminium smelting.
• PFCs also used as a purging(removing) agent for
semi-conductor manufacture and small amounts are
produced during uranium enrichment processes.
• Global warming potential of Perfluorocarbons (PFC),
or perflurocompounds is 6,000 to 10,000 that of
CO2.

12. f. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) –
• Very low atmospheric concentration makes it an
ideal test gas for gas concentration monitors.
Principle uses: insulating material for high-voltage
equipment like circuit breakers at utilities.
• Also used in water leak detection for cable
cooling systems. SF6 is a man-made gas.

13. Global scenario of green house gases

14. Greenhouse Effects

15. Greenhouse Effect
• The Process by which atmosphere gases absorb
heat energy from the sun and prevent heat
from leaving our atmosphere.
• In other words, greenhouse gases trap heat
energy and keep it close to earth.
• 3 Main Greenhouse Gases: CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO2), Methane, and WATER VAPOR.

17. Is the Greenhouse Effect
Good or Bad?
• It is necessary for life (good)- it keeps our
climate warm and prevents it from
fluctuating (changing) too much.
• It is bad when: there are too many
greenhouse gasses and the climate gets
warmer (GLOBAL WARMING)

18. What is Global Warming?
• An increase in average global
temperatures
• It is caused by an increase in Greenhouse
Gases in the Atmosphere

19. What causes an Increase in Greenhouse
gases?
• 1. CARBON DIOXIDE is added to the atmosphere
when people burn coal, oil (gasoline), and natural
gas FOSSIL FUELS, for transportation, factories, and
electricity.

20. What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases?
• 2. Deforestation, or the clearing of forests, also
increases the amount of CARBON DIOXIDE in the
air because in photosynthesis plants take in
carbon dioxide and remove it from the
atmosphere, they make oxygen.

21. What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases?
• 3. Volcanoes, fires, and respiration (breathing)
also add CO2 to the atmosphere.
Carbon
Cycle

22. What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases?
• 4. Methane is produced when
garbage is buried in landfills, from
animal waste (poop), and from
other natural sources.

23. What else causes an increase in Greenhouse gases?
• 5. As temperatures increase, evaporation increases
which adds water vapor.

24. Is Global Warming Melting Ice Caps?
3. What percent of the polar ice caps have melted since 1979?

25. Is Sea Level Rising?
4. How much has sea level gone up since 1990?

26. 5. Is Global Warming Causing Stronger
Storms?
• Hurricanes get strength from warm
ocean water. A warmer climate causes
warmer ocean currents. We might see an
increase in strong storms as a result of global
warming.

27. 6. Man-made Sources of Greenhouse Gasses

29. Effects
Warming or cooling by more than 2oC over few
decades, instead of over centuries as has happening
during the last 10,000 years, could be disastrous for
Earth’s ecosystems and for human economic and
social systems.
Such rapid climatic changes would alter conditions
faster than some species, especially plants, could
adopt or migrate. These changes might also shift the
areas where people could grow food. Some areas
might become uninhabitable because of drought or
floods following a rise in average sea levels.

30. Effects
• Earth’s mean surface temperature will rise 1.5-
5.5 oC by 2050 if inputs of greenhouse gases
continue to rise at the present rate.
• Even at the lower value, Earth would be warmer
than it has been for 10,000 years.
• Air will warm more and sooner over land than
over oceans because water takes longer to
warm than land.

31. Effects
Northern Hemisphere will warm more and
faster than the Southern Hemisphere, mostly
because the Southern Hemisphere has more
oceans.

32. Greenhouse effect in context of Nepal
In accordance with the IPCC Guidelines, Nepal's
GHG source is divided into five main categories:
1. Energy Activities,
2. Industrial Processes,
3. Agriculture,
4. Land-use Change and Forestry, and
5. Waste Management.

33. Greenhouse effect in context of Nepal
The national GHG inventory represents
emissions data for three gases having direct
Greenhouse effects:
-Carbon dioxide,
-Methane and
-Nitrous oxide

34. Greenhouse Gaseous for Nepal
0%
9%
91%
Nitrous
Oxide
Methane
Carbon
dioxide

35. Sector wise emissions of CO2
Transport sector
31%
Industrial sector
27%
Residential sector
22%
Commercial sector
11%
Agriculture sector
9%

36. Sector wise emission of Methane
50%
30%
17%
2% 0%
1%
Agriculture sector
Fermentation in
livestock
Rice cultivation
Livestock manure
management
Energy related
combustion
Solid waste disposal and
wastewater treatment

37. Sector wise emission of Nitrous oxide
87%
7% 3% 3%
Agriculture
soils
Manure
management
Energy
related
combustion
Human
sewage