2. •HPLC stands for “High-performance liquid
chromatography”(sometimes referred to as High-
pressure liquid chromatography).
•The origins of Liquid Chromatography began in the
early 1900’s with the work of the Russian botanist,
Mikhail S. Tswett
•By the 1980's HPLC was commonly used for the
separation of chemical compounds. New techniques
improved separation, identification, purification and
quantification far above the previous techniques.
Computers and automation added to the convenience
of HPLC.
INTRODUCTION
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3. •High performance liquid chromatography is a
powerful tool in analysis, it yields high performance
and high speed compared to traditional columns
chromatography because of the forcibly pumped
mobile phase.
•HPLC is a chromatographic technique that can
separate a mixture of compounds
•It is used in analytical
chemistry,Biotechnilogy,Micobiology and
Biochemistry to identify, quantify and purify the
individual components of a mixture.
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4. The principle of separation in normal phase
mode and reverse phase mode is adsorption.
When a mixture of components are introduced into a
HPLC column, they travel according to their relative
affinities towards the stationary phase.
The component which has more affinity towards the
adsorbent, travels slower.
The component which has less affinity towards the
stationary phase travels faster.
Since no 2 components have the same affinity towards
the stationary phase, the components are separated
PRINCIPLE:
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5. TYPES OF PHASES
Mobile Phase Stationary Phase
Solvent Bonded Phase
Separation is based on the analyte’s relative solubility
between two liquid phases
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6. Normal Phase.
- Polar stationary phase and non-polar solvent.
Reverse Phase.
- Non-polar stationary phase and a polar solvent.
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7. Components Of A Liquid
Chromatograph System
• Mobile Phase / Solvent Reservoir
• Degasser
• Solvent Delivery System (Pump)
• Injector
• Pre-column
• Column (Stationary phase )
• Detectors
• Recorder (Data Collection)
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8. Instrumentaion 0f HPLC
1. Mobile phase reservoir:
• Commonly glass bottles with caps are used.
• Teflon tubings and filters are connected to purge
gas (helium) for degassing.
• Vaccum for 5-10 min is also used for degassing.
2. Pump:
• It forces the mobile phase to pass through column.
• Flow rate is 1-2 ml/ min.
• Trypical pressure is 6000 – 9000psi.
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9. Instrumentaion 0f HPLC
3. Injector:
Can be manually (syringe) or automated.
Sample volume 5-20µl.
Ideal to stand pressure of mobile phase.
Autosampler is used for analysis of many samples
automatically.
4. Stationary phase (Column):
Heart of HPLC.
Separate sample components on basis of physical and
chemical parameters.
Lenght 10-30cm.
Diameter 4-10nm.
Packing material 5-10nm thick.neethu asokan
10. 5. Detector:
Detection of elutes from column.
Detectors used depends upon the property of he compounds
to be separated. Different detectors available are:
1. Refractive index detectors
2. U.V detectors
3. Fluorescence detectors
4. Electro chemical detectors
Computer:
Data system that controls modules of HPLC.
Signals from detector are interpreted to determine elution
time, quantitative and qualitative analysis of sample.
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11. Sample Injection Systems
For injecting the solvent through the column
Minimize possible flow disturbances
Limiting factor in precision of liquid chromatographic
measurement
Volumes must be small
.1-500 L
Sampling loops
interchangeable loops (5-500 L at pressures up to
7000 psi)
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12. Direct injection auto sampler
from Pump from Pump to Column
Vial
Needle
Measuring Pump
to Column
LOAD INJECT
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13. Smooth-bore stainless
steel or heavy-walled
glass tubing
Hundreds of packed
columns differing in size
and packing are available
from manufacturers
($200-$500) India
13,000- 33,000
Add columns together to
increase length
hpLc Column
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15. Separations
Separation in based upon differential
migration between the stationary and
mobile phases.
Stationary Phase - the phase which
remains fixed in the column, e.g. C18,
Silica
Mobile Phase - carries the sample
through the stationary phase as it
moves through the column.
Injector
Detector
Column
Solvents
Mixer
Pumps
High Performance Liquid Chromatograph
Waste
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32. The Chromatogram
Injection
to
tR
mAU
time
tR
to - elution time of unretained peak
tR- retention time - determines sample identity
Area or height is proportional
to the quantity of analyte.
tK =
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35. ADVANTAGES OF HPLC
Needs a small sample with a high accuracy
and precis
Non-destructed sample during operation
compared to GC.
Separation is fast and efficient
Separation &analysis of very complex
mixture
Separation components can be easily
collected
Determination of multiple components in a
single analysis
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38. APPLICATIONS:
HPLC is one of the most widely applied analytical
separation techniques.
Pharmaceutical:
Tablet dissolution of pharmaceutical dosages.
Shelf life determinations of pharmaceutical
products.
Identification of counterfeit drug products.
Pharmaceutical quality control.
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39. APPLICATIONS
Environmental
Phenols in Drinking Water.
Identification of diphenhydramine in
sediment samples.
mountain lakes through the analysis of fish
bile.
Estrogens in coastal waters - The sewage
source.
Toxicity of tetracyclines and tetracycline
degradation products to environmentally
relevant bacteria.
Assessment of TNT toxicity in sediment.neethu asokan
40. Forensics
A mobile HPLC apparatus at dance parties - on-site
identification and quantification of the drug
Ecstasy.
Identification of anabolic steroids in serum, urine,
sweat and hair.
Forensic analysis of textile dyes.
Determination of cocaine and metabolites in
meconium.
Simultaneous quantification of psychotherapeutic
drugs in human plasma.
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41. Clinical
Quantification of DEET in Human Urine.
Analysis of antibiotics.
Increased urinary excretion of aquaporin 2 in
patients with liver cirrhosis.
Detection of endogenous neuropeptides in brain
extracellular fluids.
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42. APPLICATION
Food and Flavor
Ensuring soft drink consistency and quality.
Analysis of vicinal diketones in beer.
Sugar analysis in fruit juices.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian
vegetables and fruits.
Trace analysis of military high explosives in
agricultural crops. Stability of aspartame in the
presence of glucose and vanillin.
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