1) The document discusses different types of microorganisms including prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), eukaryotes, and viruses. It describes their cell structures and characteristics.
2) Bacteria are classified based on shape, flagella position, Gram strain, oxygen requirement, and food source. Common bacteria include those that are spherical, rod-shaped, gram-positive, gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic.
3) Archaea are similar to bacteria in cell structure but differ genetically and chemically. They include extremophiles that live in extreme environments lacking oxygen or with high salt concentrations.
6. Phylogenetic Trees Evolution
• A phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of the relationship
between different organisms, showing the path through evolutionary
time from a common ancestor to different descendants.
• Trees can represent relationships ranging from the entire history of
life on earth, down to individuals in a population
Ref: [2]
7. Prokariot (Bakteri dan Arkea)
• Prokaryotes are microorganisms with prokaryotic-type cells. The most
common cell shapes are spherical and rod shaped.
• The typical size of cells ranges from 1 to 3μm but there are cells
smaller than 0.5μm or bigger than 50μm.
• Prokaryotes being the smallest among organisms have the highest cell
surface to cell volume ratio and the highest growth rate (on medium
with carbohydrates), and are most active in the biosynthesis or
degradation of organic matter
Ref: [3]
9. Bakteri
• Bacteria are able to utilize either light (phototrophs), inorganic
substances (lithotrophs), or organic substances (heterotrophs) as an
energy source for growth and reproduction.
• They are adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions and
are major degraders of dead organic matter on earth
Ref: [3]
11. Penggolongan Bakteri
• Penggolongan bakteri dibagi berdasarkan:
1. bentuk tubuhnya
2. kedudukan flagela pada selnya
3. pewarnaan Gram (Gram strain)
4. kebutuhan oksigen
5. cara memperoleh makanan (bahan organik).
Ref:[5]
12. Penggolongan Bakteri
• Penggolongan bakteri berdasarkan bentuk tubuh seperti yang
disampaikan sebelumnya yaitu bulat, batang dan spiral.
• Penggolongan bakteri berdasarkan kedudukan flagela dibagi menjadi
monotrik (flagel satu pada salah satu ujung), amfitrik (flagel pada
masing-masing kedua ujung), lofotrik (flagel banyak di salah satu
ujung), peritrik (flagel banyak pada semua sisi tubuh).
Ref:[5]
13. Penggolongan Bakteri
• Penggolongan bakteri berdasarkan pewarnaan gram dibagi menjadi
dua yaitu bakteri gram positif dan bakteri gram negatif.
• Bakteri gram-positif memiliki dinding sel lebih sederhana dan banyak
mengandung peptidoglikan. Contoh bakteri gram-positif ialah
bakteri Clavibacter michiganensis yang menyebabkan penyakit busuk
cincin pada kentang.
• Bakteri gram-negatif memiliki dinding sel lebih kompleks dengan
peptidoglikan lebih sedikit. Contoh bakteri gram-negatif ialah
bakteri Xanthomonas oryzae menyebabkan penyakit kresek pada
padi.
Ref:[5]
14. Penggolongan Bakteri
• Penggolongan bakteri berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen dibagi menjadi
bakteri aerob dan bakteri anaerob.
• Bakteri aerob merupakan bakteri yang membutuhkan oksigen bebas
untuk mendapatkan energi. Contoh bakteri aerob ialah
bakteri Ralstonia solanacearum yang menyebabkan layu pada
tanaman tomat.
• Bakteri anaerob tidak membutuhkan oksigen bebas untuk
mendapatkan energi. Contoh bakteri anaerob ialah
bakteri Pectobacterium carotovorum yang menyebabkan busuk basah
pada tanaman kol
• Ref:[5]
15. Penggolongan Bakteri
• Penggolongan bakteri berdasarkan cara memperoleh makanan (bahan
organik) dibagi menjadi bakteri autotroph dan heterotroph.
• Bakteri autotrop merupakan bakteri yang menyusun makanan sendiri dari
bahan-bahan anorganik. Bakteri autotrop, berdasarkan sumber energinya
dibedakan atas: fotoautotrop (sumber energi dari cahaya) dan
kemoautotrop (sumber energi dari hasil reaksi kimia).
• Bakteri heterotroph merupakan bakteri yang tidak menyusun makanan
sendiri melainkan memanfaatkan bahan organik jadi yang berasal dari
organisme lain. Contohnya adalah bakteri saprofit yang mendapat
makanan dengan menguraikan sisa-sisa organisme.
• Ref:[5]
16. Arkea
• Archaea comprises prokaryotes that are similar to bacteria with
regard to cell structure and size but differ from them in numerous
molecular biological properties such as nucleotide sequence of rRNA
and chemical structure of the cell membrane and cell wall.
• This group includes extremophiles, i.e., prokaryotes living at one or
two of the following extreme environmental conditions: • Absence of
oxygen and low redox potential (methanogens) • Low (90°C)
temperature (hyperthermophiles) • High (>10% NaCl) salinity
(halophiles)
Ref: [3]
18. Eukariotik
• There are two types of cells: a prokaryotic (bacterial) cell, which is
relatively small and simple in structure, and a eukaryotic cell, which is
bigger, more complex, and contains intracellular organelles (nucleus,
mitochondria, chloroplast, and others) performing specific functions
• The typical size of a eukaryotic cell ranges from 10 to 100μm.
Ref: [3]
20. Tambahan
• The objects of environmental microbiology are prokaryotes such as
bacteria and archaea, and eukaryotes such as microscopic fungi,
microscopic algae, and protozoa (unicellular animals).
• Viruses are not organisms but they are studied under environmental
microbiology because they reproduce in organisms
Ref: [3]
21. Virus
• A virus is a biological particle that reproduces in numerous copies
inside a live prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell, and then releases
from that cell.
• An extracellular virus particle does not perform any biochemical
reactions by itself. Therefore, a virus has no such essential features of
organism as self-reproduction and self-feeding.
Ref: [3]
22. Virus
• However, it is capable of self-organized reproduction and biomass
growth inside a host cell.
• The type of host cell is usually strictly specific for each type of virus.
Typical virus sizes range from 20 to 200 nm.
• Viruses contain a single type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA,
coated usually with a protein envelope.
• Virology is a specialized science studying viruses
Ref: [3]
23. Klasifikasi Virus
• A simple method of classifying viruses is grouping them into bacterial,
plant, and animal viruses.
• Viruses are not included in biological classifications because they are
obligate intracellular parasites of cells and thus cannot self-reproduce.
• However, their classification is similar to biological one. Classification and
naming of viruses is set out by the International Committee on Taxonomy
of Viruses.
• A more detailed classification of viruses is based on their type of nucleic
acid (RNA, DNA), type of their replication, and shape of envelope
Ref: [3]
24. Manfaat Virus dalam bidang TL
• Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) are especially important for
environmental engineering because they are used for the monitoring of
environmental quality and affect the activity of bacterial communities that
are used in waste biotreatment.
• Viruses are important for environmental engineering because of the
following reasons: 1. Pathogenic viruses must be removed, retained, or
destroyed during water and wastewater treatment. 2. Viruses of bacteria
(bacteriophages) can infect and degrade the bacterial cultures. 3.
Bacteriophages can be used for the detection of specific microbial pollution
of the environment. 4. Viruses may be a vector (carrier) of the genes in
artificial or natural genetic recombinations
Ref: [3]
26. Diskusi Kelompok
• Kelompok 1: prokariotik
• Kelompok 2: eukariotk
• Kelompok 3: virus
Silakan diskusikan
1. Penjelasan singkat
2. Jurnal terkait aplikasi salah satu jenis (ringkas jenis mikroorganisme
yg digunakan, aplikasinya pada bidang apa dan hasilnya) 2 -3 orang
utk 1 judul
