1. ‫اﻟذﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻣدن‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗداﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت‬
Lecturer: Raed Fawzi Mohammed Ameen, Ph.D
Lecturer: Mustafa M. Raheem, Ph.D, Post-Doc.
Assistant. Lecturer: Saba Shalih Shalal
Architectural Engineering Department/ Karbala University
3-5 July 2021

2. Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study
Outline
• Why Sustainability?
• What is Sustainability?
• Sustainability Main Elements
• Sustainability Assessment methods
• Sustainability Indicators
• Environmental aspects
 Social Aspects
 Economic Aspects
 Iraqi Sustainability Assessment Framework (PALMS)

3. Why Sustainability?
The projected urban and rural population percentages and rate of urbanisation in developed and
developing countries from 1950- 2050
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

4. Why Sustainability?
The projected urban and rural population percentages and rate of urbanisation in developed and
developing countries from 1950- 2050
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

5. Why Sustainability?
The projected urban and rural population percentages and rate of urbanisation in developed and
developing countries from 1950- 2050
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

6. Main Impacts of Rapid Urbanisation
• Resource depletion
• Increased energy consumption
• Increased GHG emissions
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

7. What is Sustainability?
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study
Human activity that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”.
Brundtland Report (Our Common Future) (WCED, 1987, p. 8)
The Kyoto Protocol in 1992 was the initial step towards reducing GHG emissions achieving this ultimate target
of (UNFCCC), that was endorsed by more than 190 countries
1992 saw the first international Earth Summit convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, attended by representatives
from 180 countries. Agenda 21 was the main thrust of the Summit aiming to change traditional approaches to
development. A comprehensive programme for international action to address the existing pressing problems
of environmental protection and socio-economic development was proposed to prepare the world for the
challenges of the next century to attain long-term sustainable development targets (Parson et al. 1992).

8. Perceptual size for Sustainable Elements (Dimensions)
together
Individual Three Concentric Circles
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

9. Sustainability Assessment Tools (SATs)
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

10. Sustainability Assessment Scope
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

11. Sustainability Assessment Scope
Individual Building Urban Scale
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

12. Sustainability Assessment Tools (SATs)
GSATs Categories or Indicators No. of sub-
indicators
Mandatory Optional Weight
Points %
BREEAM Communities
Governance 4 2 2 09.3
Social and economic wellbeing 17 4 13 42.7
Resources and energy 7 3 4 21.6
Land use and Ecology 6 2 6 12.6
Transport and movement 6 1 6 13.8
Total 5 40 12(30%) 28(70%) 100
LEED- ND
Smart Location and Linkage 9 5 9 27 24.54
Neighbourhood Pattern and Design 15 3 15 44 40.00
Green Infrastructure and Buildings 21 4 21 29 26.34
Innovation and Design Process 2 2 6 5.46
Regional Priority Credit 1 1 4 3.63
Total 5 56 12(21%) 88(79%) 110 100
CASBEE-UD
Resource (water, resource recycling) 4 4 N/A
Natural (greenery, biodiversity) 4 4 N/A
Contribution to the local community (history, culture, scenery & revitalization) 7 7 N/A
Artifact (Environmentally friendly building) 1 1 N/A
Impartiality/Fairness (compliance, area management) 2 2 N/A
Safety/ security (disaster prevention, traffic safety, crime prevention) 4 4 N/A
Amenity (convenience/welfare, culture) 4 4 N/A
Traffic and urban structure 4 4 N/A
Growth potential (population, economic dev.) 3 3 N/A
Efficiency/ Rational (information & energy) 3 3 N/A
CO2 emissions from traffic sector 1 1 N/A
CO2 emissions from building sector 1 1 N/A
CO2 emissions from green sector 1 1 N/A
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

13. Sustainability Assessment Tools (SATs)
GSATs Categories or Indicators No. of sub- indicators Mandatory Optional Weight
Pearls
community
Integrated Development Process 4 3 4 10 6.29
Natural Systems 5 3 5 14 8.80
Liveable Buildings 12 5 12 35 22.01
Precious Water 5 3 5 37 23.27
Stewarding Materials 8 3 8 18 11.33
Resourceful Energy 8 3 8 42 26.415
Innovating Practice 2 2 3 1.89
Total 7 44 20(45.45%) 24(54.5) % 159 100
GSAS/ QSAS
Urban Connectivity 9 9 8.00
Site 8 8 9
Energy 5 5 24
Water 1 1 16
Materials 5 2 5 8
Indoor Environment 10 1 10 14
Cultural & Economic Value 2 2 13
Management & Operations 4 2 4 8
Total 8 44 5(11.4%) 39(88.6%) 100
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

14. Main Findings
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

15. Local circumstances of the Iraqi cities
Toxic smoke produced by
oil fires
Toxic gases from the use of
weapons and explosives
50% of sewage is discharged
directly into mains water resources
Destruction of infrastructures
70% of agricultural land was
exposed to destruction
Destruction of 96% of power
plants
Accumulation of waste
14% of the population had no access
to an improved water source
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

16. Iraq after 2003, changing the political regime
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and oil production and consumption in Iraq from 1998- 2014. The net
annual export of Iraqi oil is more than 3 million barrels/day since 2014
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Million
barrels/day
GDP
(US
$/capita)
Oil production Oil consumption GDP
2nd Gulf war
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

17. Current Urban development projects in Iraq
Iraq Gate development Project,
Baghdad
Bismayah City, Baghdad Jannat Al Hussain project, Karbala Saafat Al-Basrah Residential
Project, Basrah
The Lebanese village, Erbil Al Rayan City, Ninawa
Hillah New City, Babylon
Al-Rashid City, Baghdad
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

18. 1
2
3
4
The state of the Art
Review An analytical comparison of a range of global
USATs to define relevant urban indicators
Determination of the urban challenges in
the Iraqi context
Investigation of the
stakeholder perception A nationwide questionnaire
Identification of local Urban
assessment factors
Prioritisation of urban
assessment factors
Consultation with a panel of experts, By using
a consensus-built method (Delphi technique)
Customisation of weighting system by
using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Framework Development stages
RQ1: Are current global sustainability assessment
tools fit for purpose/applicable in developing
sustainable designs for Iraqi cities?
RQ2: What are the urban development factors
needed to assess the sustainability of Iraqi cities?
RQ3: How can identified urban factors be incorporated
into a local sustainability assessment framework?
RQ4: What is most appropriate applicable weighting
systems, rating formulas and benchmarks, to reflect
an accurate assessment of the Iraqi urban context?
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

19. Main Findings
The Development Iraqi Urban Sustainability
Assessment Framework (PALMS)
PALMS = 89 urban factors
• Mandatory factors= 10
• Urban indicators= 18
• Urban sub- indicators= 71
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

20. Main Findings
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

21. List of publications
Journal papers:
• RFM Ameen, M Mourshed (2017), ‘‘Urban environmental challenges in developing countries—A stakeholder perspective’’, Habitat
International, 64 (2017): 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.002.
• RFM Ameen, M Mourshed, H Li (2015), ‘‘A critical comparison of environmental assessment tools for sustainable urban design’’,
Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55:110-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2015.07.006.
Conference papers:
• RFM Ameen, M Mourshed (2016), ‘‘Environmental, Social and Economic Challenges for Urban Development: Stakeholder’s
Perception in a Developing Economy’’: in Proceeding of the 16th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building
Engineering (ICCCBE2016), Osaka, Japan,6-8 July 2016.
• RFM, Haijiang Li, M Mourshed (2014), ‘‘Sustainability assessment methods of urban design: a review’’: in Proceeding of the 21st
International Workshop: Intelligent Computing in Engineering 2014 (EG-ICE 2014), Cardiff, UK, 16-18 July 2014.
Under review:
• The paper entitled ‘‘Urban sustainability assessment in developing cities: The development of a consensus-based framework using
Delphi’’ has been submitted to the Cities Journal.
Working papers:
• ‘‘Socio-economic challenges of sustainable urban development in developing countries—A stakeholder perspective’’. To be
submitted to World Development Journal in September 2017.
• ‘‘Urban sustainability assessment in developing economies countries: The ranking and weighting of sustainability factors using
analytic hierarchy process (AHP)’’ To be submitted to Expert Systems with Applications Journal in September 2017.
Urban sustainability Principles and Application: Iraq as a case study

22. Thank you
Lecturer: Raed Fawzi Mohammed Ameen, Ph.D
Lecturer: Mustafa M. Raheem, Ph.D, Post-Doc.
Assistant. Lecturer: Saba Shalih Shalal