It is a presentation which represent personality disorders of cluster A, B and C. this is the most prominent disorders mung PD. It can be use only for educational purpose and not for court and legal propose.

1. PERSONALITY
DISORDERS
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Presented by
Muhammad Salman
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3. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• Personality trait: An enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and
thinking about the environment and others.
• Personality disorders: Ingrained patterns of relating to other
people, situations, and events with a rigid and maladaptive pattern
of inner experience and behavior.
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4. DSM-5 PERSONALITY DISORDER CLUSTERS
• The DSM-5 groups the 11 diagnoses into three clusters
based on shared characteristics:
• Cluster A - The odd and eccentric behaviors
• Cluster B - The dramatic, emotional behaviors and impulsive
• Cluster C - The anxious and fearful behaviors
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5. PERSONALITY DISORDER CLUSTERS
• Cluster A: suspicious, odd
• Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
• Cluster B: dramatic
• Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
• Cluster C:anxious
• Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive(OCPD)
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6. PREVALENCE
• OCPD 2%
• Paranoid 2%
• Antisocial 1-4%
• Schizoid 1%?
• Schizotypal 1%
• Avoidan 1-2%
• Histrionic 2%
• Borderline 2-3%
• Dependent 0.5%
• Narcissistic .5-1%
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7. ETIOLOGY
• Likely multi-factorial like almost all other psychiatric
diagnoses.
• Genetic and environmental factors such as chaotic home
environment and abuse have been implicated in
development of maladaptive behavioral patterns.
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8. HERITABILITY OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality disorder Mean
Paranoid 0.34
Schizoid 0.43
Schizotypal 0.54
Antisocial 0.41
Borderline 0.61
Histrionic 0.59
Narcissistic 0.56
Avoidant 0.42
Dependent 0.56
Obsessive-compulsive 0.60
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9. THE NATURE OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• Behavior patterns must manifest themselves in at least two
of the following four areas:
1. Cognition
2. Affectivity
3. Interpersonal functioning
4. Impulse control
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10. SCHIZOTYPAL
PERSONALITY DISORDER
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits with
reduced capacity for close relationships as well as cognitive or
perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior with 5 or
more of the following:
• Ideas of reference
• Odd beliefs or magical thinking
• Unusual perceptual experiences including bodily illusions
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11. • Odd thinking and speech
• Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
• Inappropriate or constricted affect
• Behavior or appearance that is odd or eccentric
• Lack of close friends other than first-degree relatives
• Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity
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12. Treatment
 Psychotherapy
 Behavioral modification
 Cognitive-behavioral therapy
 Interpersonal therapy
 Group therapy
 Family and marital therapy
Prevalence of STPD: 1% to 3%
Prognosis:
The prognosis for the
individual with schizotypal
personality disorder is poor
due to the ingrained nature of
the coping mechanisms
already in place.
Causes: The cause of schizotypal personality disorder is unknown.
Onset: Erly adulthood
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13. copy right: m.salman1004@gmail.com
Anxiety Disorder
Depressive Disorder
COMORBIDITY

14. Avoidant personality disorder
Diagnostic criteria (DSM IV).
There should be four or more of the following in early adulthood.
Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact
because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.
Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being
shamed or ridiculed.
Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations.
Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings inadequacy.
View self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others.
Is unusually reluctant to take personal risk or to engage in any new activities
because they may prove embarrassing.
8. Detachment, characterized by withdrawal, intimacy avoidance, and
anhedonia (DSM 5).
9. Negative affectivity, characterized by anxiousness (DSM 5).copy right: m.salman1004@gmail.com

15. • Prevalence
• According to the data of 2001-2002 the prevalence is about 2.4 %.
• Co morbidity
• Major depression
• borderline personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder,and alcohol
abuse
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16. Etiology
Majorly its etiology is unknown.
But Genetic and environmental factors might play a role in avoidant personality
disorder.
Treatment
of avoidant personality disorder is parallel with the treatment
of social anxiety disorder; antidepressants and cognitive behavioral treatment can
be helpful.
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17. Narcissistic Personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder draws its name from the Greek mythological figure Narcissus, who fell in love with his own
reflection.
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior) need of admiration and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood
and present in a variety of context.
• Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g. exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior
without commensurate achievements).
• Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.
• Believes that he or she is special and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high
status people (or institutions).
• Requires excessive admiration.
• Has a sense of entitlement ( i.e unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his
or her expectations.
• Is interpersonally exploitative (i.e. takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends.
• Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identity with the feelings and needs of others.
• 8. Antagonism, characterized by grandiosity and attention seeking (DSM 5).
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18. Prevalence
• More in man
• Prevalence of lifetime NPD was 6.2%, with rates greater for men
(7.7%) than for women (4.8%)
Co morbidity
• High co-occurrence rates of substance use, mood, and
anxiety disorders and other personality disorders were observed.
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19. Etiology
• Self-Psychology Model
Heinz Kohut established a variant of psychoanalysis known as self-
psychology.Kohut noted that the person with narcissistic personality disorder
projects remarkable self-importance, self-absorption, and fantasies of limitless
success on the surface. But Kohut theorized that these characteristics mask a very
fragile self-esteem.
Social-Cognitive Model
Carolyn Morfand Frederick Rhodewalt (2001) is built around two basic ideas: (1)
people with this disorder have fragile self-esteem, in part because they are trying to
maintain the belief that they are special, and (2)interpersonal interactions are
important to them for bolstering self-esteem, rather than for gaining closeness or
warmth
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