Proteinuria is characterized by excessive protein in the urine. It can be transient, orthostatic, or persistent. Transient proteinuria is most common and usually resolves without treatment. Orthostatic proteinuria occurs when upright but not lying down. Persistent proteinuria is associated with underlying kidney disease or other medical problems like diabetes. Proteinuria occurs when the glomerular filter is damaged, allowing protein to pass into the urine. It can be caused by diseases of the glomeruli, urine infections, heart failure, preeclampsia, or exercise/fever. Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, kidney disease, medications, trauma, toxins, infections, and immune or genetic factors.

1. Topic:
Proteinuria
Name: Muhammad Tufail

2. Proteinuria
Definition:
Proteinuria is a condition characterized by the presence of greater than normal
amounts of protein in the urine. It is usually associated with some kind of disease or
abnormality but may occasionally be seen in healthy individuals. Plasma, the liquid
portion of blood, contains many different proteins. One of the many functions of the
kidneys is to conserve plasma protein so that it is not eliminated along with waste
products.

3. Types of Proteinuria
Proteinuria can be divided into three categories:
Transient proteinuria:
Transient (intermittent) proteinuria is by far the most common form of proteinuria.
Transient proteinuria usually resolves without treatment. Stresses such as fever and
heavy exercise may cause transient proteinuria.

4. Types of Proteinuria
Orthostatic Proteinuria :
Orthostatic proteinuria occurs when one loses protein in the urine while
in an upright position but not when lying down. It occurs in 2 to 5 percent of
adolescents but is unusual in people over the age of 30 years. The cause of
orthostatic proteinuria is not known. Orthostatic proteinuria is not harmful, does not
require treatment, and typically disappears with age.

5. Types of Proteinuria
Persistent Proteinuria :
In contrast to transient and orthostatic proteinuria,
persistent proteinuria occurs in people with underlying kidney disease or other
medical problems. Examples include:
Kidney Diseases:
Diseases that affect the kidney, such as diabetes mellitus or
high blood pressure.Diseases that cause the body to overproduce certain types of
protein

6. Types of Proteinuria
Pathophysiology:
Proteinuria is the consequence of two mechanisms: the abnormal
transglomerular passage of proteins due to increased permeability of the glomerular
capillary wall and their subsequent impaired reabsorption by the epithelial cells of the
proximal tubule. In the various glomerular diseases, the severity of disruption of the
structural integrity of the glomerular capillary wall correlates with the area of the
glomerular barrier being permeated by “large” pores, permitting the passage in the tubular
lumen of high-molecular-weight (HMW) proteins, to which the barrier is normally
impermeable.
The increased load of such proteins in the tubular lumen leads to the saturation of the
reabsorptive mechanism by the tubular cells, and, in the most severe or chronic conditions,
to their toxic damage, that favors the increased urinary excretion of all proteins, including
low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins, which are completely reabsorbed in physiologic
conditions.

7. Causes
Diseases of the glomeruli (the kidney’s filtering units), for example,
glomerulonephritis or diabetes
Urine infection can also cause proteinuria
Proteinuria can also be a symptom of some other conditions and diseases:
for example congestive heart failure, the first warning of eclampsia in
pregnancy
Temporary proteinuria may occur after vigorous exercise or if you have a
high fever

8. Risk Factors
 Diabetes
 High blood pressure
 Kidney disease
 Medications
 Trauma
 Toxins
 Infections
 Immune system disorders
 The family history of kidney disease