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Grammar

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M
Moses Das

Grammar

Education
1 of 10
TOPIC TO REMEMBER TENSES PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE TENSE Action now Action past Action continue Action coming VERB (SHOW ACTION) Kata Kerja PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS FUTURE S P S P be is are was were VERB do does do did doing will do ‘to’ have has have had having will have plays play played playing will play REGULAR walks walk walked walking will walk VERB talks talk talked talking will talk goes go went going will go IRREGULAR buys buy bought buying will buy VERB swims swim swam swimming will swim NOUNS (SHOW THINGS) Kata Nama 1 Person (orang) Ahmad, boy, girl, father, people, teacher Parts 2 Place (tempat) Kedah, Alor Setar, stadium, canteen of Nouns 3 Animal (binatang) cat, cow, goat, chicken, camel, horse 4 Things (benda) car, bag, lorry, house, knife, umbrella NOUNS (SHOW NUMBERS) SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN Common Noun boy boys Countable Noun Proper Noun En Ahmad Countable Noun Common Noun jungle jungles Countable Noun Common Noun glass glasses Countable Noun Common Noun bus buses Countable Noun Common Noun lorry lorries Countable Noun Proper Noun Alor Setar Countable Noun Common Noun milk milk Uncountable Noun Common Noun hair hair Uncountable Noun Common Noun water water Uncountable Noun Collective Noun a brood of chickens a shoal of fish a litter of kittens PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Subject Object Adjective Pronouns Singular Plural he him his his himself S she her hers her herself it it - its itself I(am) me mine my myself P you you yours your yourself yourselves we us ours our ourselves they them theirs their themelves ARTICLE (TO SHOW ONE) a an the singular a,e,i,o,u singular/plural ARTICLE WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN a bowl of soup a glass of water a cup of tea a bunch of bananas QUANTIFIERS (SHOW MANY) Countable Noun Uncountable Noun a few (sedikit) a little (sedikit) many (banyak) (not) much (tak banyak) several (beberapa) some (beberapa) a lot of (banyak) plenty of (banyak) (not) any (tak ada) CONJUNCTION (TO JOIN SENTENCES) and but so because although or dan tetapi jadi sebab walaupun atau as since after therefore if unless sambil semenjak selepas oleh itu jika kecuali PREPOITIONS (TO SHOW LOCATION) in on under between dalam atas bawah diantara above against across through atas sandar melintas melalui in front of beside over up/down dihadapan ditepi melepasi atas/bawah to along into out ke sepanjang kedalam keluar 1
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME at in during since night the morning the holidays 2008 No 8, Tmn mewah august the day last week after from by on dinner now 3 o’clock Fridays school this time noon Sundays ADJECTIVES (TELL MORE ABOUT A NOUN) tall short big small pretty hot cold ugly tinggi pende k besar kecil cantik panas sejuk hodoh COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES the most ………. Tthe ………..est more ……….than the most popular the prettiest lady more beautiful than as ……… as ………..er than as strong as bigger than Example Adjective Comparative Superlative good better than the best busy busier than the busiest big bigger than the biggest ADVERB (TELL US MORE ABOUT VERBS) Adverb of manner (To describe an action) softly quickly angrily correctly loudly carefully perlahan cepat marah betul kuat cermat Adverb of place (To describe when an action happens) here there nowhere everywhere up down disini disana tak kemana semua tempat atas bawah Adverb of time (To show where an action is done) now soon after since seldom already sekarang tak lama lagi selepas semenjak jarang sudah SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Adding –s to Singular Nouns SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING pea peas kacang pea seal seals anjing laut heart hearts hati dragon dragons naga Add -es to Singular Nouns end (ss/sh/ch/x) SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING glass glasses gelas fish fishes ikan leech leeches lintah box boxes kotak Add –es to Singular Nouns end with -o SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING potato potatoes ubi kentang mango mangoes mangga Add –s to Singular Nouns end with –f SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING roof roofs bumbung chief chiefs ketua puak puff puffs Change –f or –fe to –ves SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING calf calves anak lembu knife knives pisau Change to –ies for nouns ending in –y SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING lady ladies wanita lorry lorries lori Add –s to nouns ending in vowel + y SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING key keys kunci tray trays talam Change the inside vowels of Singular SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING postman postmen posmen mouse mice tikus goose geese angsa Add –en to Singular Nouns SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING child children kanak-kanak ox oxen sapi Some nouns do not change SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING deer deer rusa sheep sheep biri-biri Some nouns are always in plural SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING furniture furniture perabot clothing clothing pakaian Some nouns are used only in plural spectacles cermin mata measles campak pants seluar 2
scissors gunting CHANGING PRESENT TENSE TO PAST TENSE By adding ‘ed’ to the verb PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE MEANING add added tambah adjust adjusted perbetul allow allowed benarkan appear appeared muncul ask asked tanya attack attacked serang bark barked salak call called panggil camp camped berkhemah chill chilled sejuk clean cleaned bersih climb climbed panjat collect collected kutip colour coloured mewarna comb combed sikat construct constructed membina contain contained mengandungi cook cooked memasak cover covered tutup crash crashed terhempas crawl crawled merangkak crush crushed dilenyek discover discovered menemui discuss discussed berbincang display displayed pamer disturb disturbed ganggu end ended tamat enjoy enjoyed gembira enter entered masuk exist existed ujud explain explained jelaskan faint fainted pengsan fetch fetched mengambil finish finished habis fix fixed pasang form formed membentuk gather gathered kumpul greet greeted menyapa hand handed menyerahkan happen happened berlaku help helped tolong invent invented mencipta join joined sertai jump jumped lompat knock knocked ketuk laugh laughed ketawa learn learned belajar look looked lihat match matched pasang mention mentioned sebut miss missed tertinggal need needed perlu nail nailed mengetuk order ordered mengarah paint painted mengecat pass passed lulus play played bermain possess possessed dirasuk pray prayed sembahyang pretend pretended berpura-pura print printed mencetak protect protected melindungi quarrel quarreled bertengkar rain rained hujan reach reached tiba record recorded merakam remember remembered teringat return returned pulang roll rolled bergolek sail sailed belayar scratch scratched calar search searched mencari sew sewed menjahit sharpen sharpened menajam shout shouted menjerit show showed tunjuk smell smelled menghidu soak soaked rendam start started mula stay stayed tinggal subject subjected tertakluk talk talked bercakap turn turned puing wait waited tunggu 3
walk walked berjalan want wanted hendak wash washed basuh watch watched memerhati water watered menyiram whisper whispered berbisik work worked kerja By adding ‘d’ to the verb acquire acquired memerlukan agree agreed setuju approve approved lulus arrange arranged atur arrive arrived tiba bake baked memasak bathe bathed mandi behave behaved kelakuan believe believed percaya care cared jaga carve carved ukir cause caused sebab celebrate celebrated meraikan change changed tukar close closed tutup compare compared bandingkan complete completed lengkap continue continued berterusan cycle cycled mengayuh date dated bertarikh decide decided bercadang describe described menggambarkan divide divided mengagih donate donated derma exchange exchanged bertukar hate hated membenci hope hoped berharap introduce introduced memperkenal invite invited menjemput judge judged dihakimi like liked suka line lined garisan live lived tinggal love loved suka measure measured mengukur move moved bergerak name named menamakan observe observed memerhati organize organized menganjur paste pasted melekat place placed meletakkan prepare prepared menyediakan preserve preserved menjaga prove proved bukti provide provided menyediakan realize realized sedar recognize recognized mengecam reduce reduced berkurang remove removed mengalih revise revised semak save saved selamat score scored skor By changing ‘y’ to ‘ied’ carry carried bawa copy copied meniru cry cried menangis deny denied menafikan dry dried kering fry fried goreng identify identified mengenali marry married kahwin study studied belajar try tried cuba worry worried risau bury buried tanam By doubling the final letter of the word bar barred menghalang clap clapped tepuk clip clipped melekat drop dropped jatuhkan flip flipped selak rob robbed rompak scan scanned imbas shop shopped membeli-belah slap slapped tampar slip slipped gelincir can canned mengetin snip snipped menggunting spot spotted mengesan stop stopped berhenti snap snapped putus strip stripped melucut 4
tap tapped mengetuk top topped menambah trip tripped tersadung trap trapped terperangkap wrap wrapped balut zip zipped zipkan Some verb remains the same cast cast campak cost cost harga cut cut potong hit hit langgar let let beri put put letak set set sedia shed shed membuang shut shut tutup read read baca By changing one or more letters Irregular Verbs are were ialah/sedang awake awoke bangun bear bore bosan become became menjadi begin began mula bend bent bengkok bite bit gigit blow blew tiup break broke pecah bring brought bawa build built bina burn burnt bakar buy bought beli can could boleh catch caught tangkap choose chose pilih creep crept merayap deal dealt berurusan dig dug gali do did buat dream dreamt mimpi drink drank minum drive drove memandu eat ate makan fall fell jatuh feed fed beri makan feel felt rasa fight fought lawan find found jumpa flee fled lari fly flew terbang forget forgot lupa get got dapat give gave bagi go went pergi grow grew tumbuh hang hung gantung have had ada hear heard dengar hide hid sembunyi hold held pegang is/am was ialah/sedang keep kept simpan know knew tahu lay laid letak learn learnt belajar leave left keluar lend lent bagi lie lay baring lose lost hilang make made buat may might boleh meet met jumpa pay paid bayar ride rode menunggang ring rang berdering rise rose naik run ran lari say said kata see saw lihat sell sold jual send sent hantar shake shook goncang shine shone bersinar shoot shot tembak sing sang nyanyi sink sank tenggelam sit sat duduk sleep slept tidur smell smelt bau speak spoke cakap 5
spell spelt eja spend spent belanja stand stood berdiri steal stole curi stick stuck lekat swim swam renang take took ambil teach taught ajar tear tore koyak tell told beritahu think thought fikir throw threw lempar understand understood faham win won menang wear wore pakai COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive Comparative Superlative busy busier than the busiest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful bad worse than the worst cheap cheaper than the cheapest clean cleaner than the cleanest clear clearer than the clearest clever cleverer than the cleverest cold colder than the coldest cool cooler than the coolest careful more careful the most careful comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable dark darker than the darkest dear dearer than the dearest deep deeper than the deepest dirty dirtier than the dirtiest dry drier than the driest dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous easy easier than the easiest expensive more expensive the most expensive fair fairer than the fairest far farther than the farthest fast faster than the fastest fat fatter than the fattest fine finer than the finest funny funnier than the funniest foolish more foolish the most foolish forgetful more forgetful the most forgetful great greater than the greatest green greener than the greenest good better than the best happy happier than the happiest hard harder than the hardest heavy heavier than the heaviest healthy healthier than the healthiest hot hotter than the hottest high higher than the highest hungry hungrier than the hungriest handsome more handsome the most handsome helpful more helpful the most helpful honest more honest the most honest important more important the most important kind kinder than the kindest large larger than the largest late later than the latest lazy lazier than the laziest light lighter than the lightest low lower than the lowest long longer than the longest lucky luckier than the luckiest little less than the least mad madder than the maddest merry merrier than the merriest much more than the most narrow narrower than the narrowest naughty naughtier than the naughtiest near nearer than the nearest new newer than the newest nice nicer than the nicest noisy noisier than the noisiest old older than the oldest pale paler than the palest Poor poorer than the poorest pretty prettier than the prettiest proud prouder than the proudest painful more painful the most painful peaceful more peaceful the most peaceful pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant polite more polite the most polite quick quicker than the quickest rich richer than the richest red redder than the reddest 6
ripe riper than the ripest sad sadder than the saddest Safe safer than the safest shallow shallower than the shallowest sharp sharper than the sharpest short shorter than the shortest simple simpler than the simplest slow slower than the slowest soon sooner than the soonest small smaller than the smallest smooth smoother than the smoothest strong stronger than the strongest tall taller than the tallest sweet sweeter than the sweetest thick thicker than the thickest thin thinner than the thinnest tiny tinier than the tiniest true truer than the truest ugly uglier than the ugliest useful more useful the most useful warm warmer than the warmest wealthy wealthier than the wealthiest wet wetter than the wettest white whiter than the whitest wide wider than the widest wild wilder than the wildest wise wiser than the wisest young younger than the youngest ADVERBS (TELL US MORE ABOUT VERBS) VERB ADVERBS act quickly wisely bertindak dengan cepat dengan bijak answer correctly clearly jawab dengan betul dengan terang ask nicely humbly politely tanya dengan elok dengan sopan dengan sopan accept readily gratefully terima dengan hati terbuka dengan rasa syukur bark fiercely loudly joyfully salak dengan garang dengan kuat dengan gembira bleed badly profusely berdarah dengan teruk dengan banyak blow gently strongly tiup dengan perlahan dengan kuat bow humbly respectfully tunduk dengan sopan dengan penuh hormat clap loudly joyfully excitedly tepuk dengan kuat dengan seronok dengan teruja cry sadly bitterly loudly tangis dengan sedih dengan sayu dengan kuat dance gracefully beautifully menari dengan lancar dengan cantik drive carefully recklessly slowly pandu dengan cermat dengan cuai dengan perlahan eat greedily hungrily makan dengan gelojoh dengan lapar explain clearly briefly terang dengan jelas dengan ringkas fight bravely furiously lawan dengan berani dengan marah give generously kindly willingly bagi dengan murah hati dengan baik hati dengan rela hati greet politely cheerfully sapa dengan sopan dengan ceria laugh heartily happily loudly ketawa dengan sepenuh hati dengan gembira dengan kuat listen attentively carefully dengar dengan penuh minat dengan cermat look carefully shyly lovingly lihat dengan cermat dengan malu dgn kasih sayang COLLECTIVE NOUNS (PENJODOH BILANGAN) A cup of tea Secawan teh A glass of water Segelas air A pail of water Sebaldi air A box of pencils Sekotak pensil A piece of cloth Sehelai kain A piece of cake Sepotong kek A pair of shoes Sepasang kasut A pair of trousers Sepasang seluar A pair of scissors Sepasang gunting A pair of shorts Sepasang gunting A pair of earrings Sepasang anting-anting A pair of socks Sepasang setokin A bottle of oil Sebotol minyak 7
A bottle of medicine Sebotol ubat A spoonful of sugar Sesudu gula A tin of sardines Setin sardine A tin of cocoa Setin koko A bar of soap Sebuku sabun A bar of chocolate Sebuku coklat A tin of biscuits Setin biskut A bag of flour Seguni tepung A bag of sugar Seguni gula A sack of rice Seguni beras A bunch of grapes Segugus anggur A bunch of crooks Sekumpulan penjahat A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A loaf of bread Sebuku roti A slice of bread Sekeping roti A packet of sweets Sepaket gula-gula A choir of singers Sekumpulan penyanyi A swarm of bees Sekumpulan lebah A herd of cows Sekumpulan lembu A herd of buffaloes Sekumpulan kerbau A herd of cattle Sekumpulan lembu ternakan A herd of elephants Sekumpulan gajah A herd of goats Sekumpulan kambing A shoal of fish Sekumpulan ikan A school of whales Sekumpulan paus A library of books Sebilangan buku A bouquet of flowers Sejambak bunga A team of players Sepasukan pemain A team of horses Sekumpulan kuda A team of oxen Sekumpulan sapi A forest of trees Sehutan pokok A fleet of ships Seangkatan armada A flight of steps Sebilangan anak tangga A flight of doves Sekumpulan burung merpati A clutch of egg Segugus telur A crate of fruits Sekotak buah A troupe of artists Sekumpulan artis A troupe of dancers Sekumpulan penari A gang of thieves Sekumpulan pencuri A gang of labourers Sekumpulan buruh A gang of prisoners Sekumpulan banduan An army of soldiers Sepasukan askar A band of musicians Sekumpulan ahli muzik A gang of robbers Sekumpulan penyamun A suit of clothes Sepersalinan pakaian A flock of birds Sekumpulan burung A flock of sheep Sekumpulan biri-biri A crew of sailors Sekumpulan kelasi A bevy of ladies Sekumpulan wanita A bevy of beauties Sekumpulan wanita cantik A fleet of cars Sebilangan kereta A brood of chickens Sekumpulan anak ayam A litter of puppies Sekumpulan anak anjing A litter of cubs Sekumpulan anak rimau A board of directors Satu lembaga pengarah A class of scholars Sekumpulan cendikiawan A cloud of flies Sekumpulan lalat A cloud of insects Sekumpulan serangga A company of actors Sekumpulan pelakun A company of soldiers Sekumpulan askar A crowd of people Sekumpulan orang A drove of cattle Sekumpulan lembu ternakan A drove of horses Sekumpulan kuda A dynasty of kings Sedinasti raja-raja A gaggle of geese Sekumpulan angsa A hive of bees Sekumpulan lebah A host of angles Sekumpulan malaikat A nest of ants Satu sarang semut A nest of mice Satu sarang tikus A nest of rabbits Satu sarang arnab A pack of hounds Sekumpulan anjing pengesan A pack of rascals Sekumpulan penyangak A pack of thieves Sekumpulan pencuri A pack of wolves Sekumpulan serigala A plague of insects Sewabak serangga A plague of locuts Sewabak belalang juta A pride of lions Sekumpulan singa A regiment of soldiers Serejimen askar A staff of servants Sekumpulan orang gaji A staff of teachers Sekumpulan guru A stud of horses Sekumpulan kuda A troop of lions Sekumpulan singa A troop of monkeys Sekumpulan monyet A troop of scouts Sekumpulan pengakap A troop of soldiers Sekumpulan askar A troupe of performers Sekumpulan penghibur An album of autographs Sealbum tanda tangan An album of photographs Sealbum gambar An album of stamps Sealbum setem An anthology of plays Satu antologi drama 8
An anthology of poems Satu antologi sajak/puisi An anthology of songs Satu antologi lagu An anthology of stories Satu antologi cerita A bale of cotton Sebungkusan kapas A bale of wool Sebungkusan benang bulu A basket of fruits Seraga buah A batch of biscuits Sejumlah biskut A batch of bread Sejumlah roti A bunch of flowers Seikat bunga A bunch of grapes Seikat anggur A bundle of hay Seikat rumput kering A bundle of rags Seikat kain buruk A bundle of sticks Seikat kayu A chest of drawers Sekotak laci A cloud of dust Sekumpulan habuk A clump of bushes Serumpun semak A clump of trees Serumpun pohon A cluster of coconuts Segugus kelapa A cluster of diamonds Segugus berlian A cluster of grapes Segugus anggur A cluster of stars Segugus bintang A range of mountains Sebarisan gunung A set of china Satu set tembikar A set of tools Satu set alatan A stack of hay Setimbun rumput kering A stack of timber Setimbun balak A stack of wood Setimbun kayu A suite of rooms Serangkaian bilik A suite of furniture Serangkaian perabut A wad of notes Susunan wang kertas A collection of coins Satu koleksi duit syiling A collection of relics Satu koleksi barang warisan A collection of stamps Satu koleksi setem A column of smoke Sekumpulan asap A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A constellation of stars Segugusan bintang A flight of aeroplanes Sekumpulan kapal terbang A galaxy of stars Satu galaksi bintang A garland of flowers Sekalung bunga A group of islands Sekumpulan pulau A grove of trees Sekebun pokok A hail of blows Dihujani tumbukan A hail of bullets Dihujani peluru A hail of fire Dihujani api A harvest of corn Satu tuaian jagung A harvest of fire Semarak api A heap of rubbish Satu timbunan sampah A heap of ruins Satu timbunan runtuhan A heap of stones Satu timbunan batu A hedge of bushes Sepagar pokok renek A pack of cards Satu pek kad A pack of lies Satu pembohongan A rope of pearls Sekalung mutiara A sheaf of grains Seikat bijirin A string of beads Sekalung manik A string of pearls Sekalung mutiara A turf of grass Selapisan rumput A turf of hair Selapisan rambut A turf of feathers Selapisan bulu 9
An anthology of poems Satu antologi sajak/puisi An anthology of songs Satu antologi lagu An anthology of stories Satu antologi cerita A bale of cotton Sebungkusan kapas A bale of wool Sebungkusan benang bulu A basket of fruits Seraga buah A batch of biscuits Sejumlah biskut A batch of bread Sejumlah roti A bunch of flowers Seikat bunga A bunch of grapes Seikat anggur A bundle of hay Seikat rumput kering A bundle of rags Seikat kain buruk A bundle of sticks Seikat kayu A chest of drawers Sekotak laci A cloud of dust Sekumpulan habuk A clump of bushes Serumpun semak A clump of trees Serumpun pohon A cluster of coconuts Segugus kelapa A cluster of diamonds Segugus berlian A cluster of grapes Segugus anggur A cluster of stars Segugus bintang A range of mountains Sebarisan gunung A set of china Satu set tembikar A set of tools Satu set alatan A stack of hay Setimbun rumput kering A stack of timber Setimbun balak A stack of wood Setimbun kayu A suite of rooms Serangkaian bilik A suite of furniture Serangkaian perabut A wad of notes Susunan wang kertas A collection of coins Satu koleksi duit syiling A collection of relics Satu koleksi barang warisan A collection of stamps Satu koleksi setem A column of smoke Sekumpulan asap A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A constellation of stars Segugusan bintang A flight of aeroplanes Sekumpulan kapal terbang A galaxy of stars Satu galaksi bintang A garland of flowers Sekalung bunga A group of islands Sekumpulan pulau A grove of trees Sekebun pokok A hail of blows Dihujani tumbukan A hail of bullets Dihujani peluru A hail of fire Dihujani api A harvest of corn Satu tuaian jagung A harvest of fire Semarak api A heap of rubbish Satu timbunan sampah A heap of ruins Satu timbunan runtuhan A heap of stones Satu timbunan batu A hedge of bushes Sepagar pokok renek A pack of cards Satu pek kad A pack of lies Satu pembohongan A rope of pearls Sekalung mutiara A sheaf of grains Seikat bijirin A string of beads Sekalung manik A string of pearls Sekalung mutiara A turf of grass Selapisan rumput A turf of hair Selapisan rambut A turf of feathers Selapisan bulu 9

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Grammar

  • 1. TOPIC TO REMEMBER TENSES PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE TENSE Action now Action past Action continue Action coming VERB (SHOW ACTION) Kata Kerja PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS FUTURE S P S P be is are was were VERB do does do did doing will do ‘to’ have has have had having will have plays play played playing will play REGULAR walks walk walked walking will walk VERB talks talk talked talking will talk goes go went going will go IRREGULAR buys buy bought buying will buy VERB swims swim swam swimming will swim NOUNS (SHOW THINGS) Kata Nama 1 Person (orang) Ahmad, boy, girl, father, people, teacher Parts 2 Place (tempat) Kedah, Alor Setar, stadium, canteen of Nouns 3 Animal (binatang) cat, cow, goat, chicken, camel, horse 4 Things (benda) car, bag, lorry, house, knife, umbrella NOUNS (SHOW NUMBERS) SINGULAR NOUN PLURAL NOUN Common Noun boy boys Countable Noun Proper Noun En Ahmad Countable Noun Common Noun jungle jungles Countable Noun Common Noun glass glasses Countable Noun Common Noun bus buses Countable Noun Common Noun lorry lorries Countable Noun Proper Noun Alor Setar Countable Noun Common Noun milk milk Uncountable Noun Common Noun hair hair Uncountable Noun Common Noun water water Uncountable Noun Collective Noun a brood of chickens a shoal of fish a litter of kittens PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE PRONOUN REFLEXIVE PRONOUN Subject Object Adjective Pronouns Singular Plural he him his his himself S she her hers her herself it it - its itself I(am) me mine my myself P you you yours your yourself yourselves we us ours our ourselves they them theirs their themelves ARTICLE (TO SHOW ONE) a an the singular a,e,i,o,u singular/plural ARTICLE WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUN a bowl of soup a glass of water a cup of tea a bunch of bananas QUANTIFIERS (SHOW MANY) Countable Noun Uncountable Noun a few (sedikit) a little (sedikit) many (banyak) (not) much (tak banyak) several (beberapa) some (beberapa) a lot of (banyak) plenty of (banyak) (not) any (tak ada) CONJUNCTION (TO JOIN SENTENCES) and but so because although or dan tetapi jadi sebab walaupun atau as since after therefore if unless sambil semenjak selepas oleh itu jika kecuali PREPOITIONS (TO SHOW LOCATION) in on under between dalam atas bawah diantara above against across through atas sandar melintas melalui in front of beside over up/down dihadapan ditepi melepasi atas/bawah to along into out ke sepanjang kedalam keluar 1
  • 2. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME at in during since night the morning the holidays 2008 No 8, Tmn mewah august the day last week after from by on dinner now 3 o’clock Fridays school this time noon Sundays ADJECTIVES (TELL MORE ABOUT A NOUN) tall short big small pretty hot cold ugly tinggi pende k besar kecil cantik panas sejuk hodoh COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES the most ………. Tthe ………..est more ……….than the most popular the prettiest lady more beautiful than as ……… as ………..er than as strong as bigger than Example Adjective Comparative Superlative good better than the best busy busier than the busiest big bigger than the biggest ADVERB (TELL US MORE ABOUT VERBS) Adverb of manner (To describe an action) softly quickly angrily correctly loudly carefully perlahan cepat marah betul kuat cermat Adverb of place (To describe when an action happens) here there nowhere everywhere up down disini disana tak kemana semua tempat atas bawah Adverb of time (To show where an action is done) now soon after since seldom already sekarang tak lama lagi selepas semenjak jarang sudah SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Adding –s to Singular Nouns SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING pea peas kacang pea seal seals anjing laut heart hearts hati dragon dragons naga Add -es to Singular Nouns end (ss/sh/ch/x) SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING glass glasses gelas fish fishes ikan leech leeches lintah box boxes kotak Add –es to Singular Nouns end with -o SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING potato potatoes ubi kentang mango mangoes mangga Add –s to Singular Nouns end with –f SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING roof roofs bumbung chief chiefs ketua puak puff puffs Change –f or –fe to –ves SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING calf calves anak lembu knife knives pisau Change to –ies for nouns ending in –y SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING lady ladies wanita lorry lorries lori Add –s to nouns ending in vowel + y SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING key keys kunci tray trays talam Change the inside vowels of Singular SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING postman postmen posmen mouse mice tikus goose geese angsa Add –en to Singular Nouns SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING child children kanak-kanak ox oxen sapi Some nouns do not change SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING deer deer rusa sheep sheep biri-biri Some nouns are always in plural SINGULAR PLURAL MEANING furniture furniture perabot clothing clothing pakaian Some nouns are used only in plural spectacles cermin mata measles campak pants seluar 2
  • 3. scissors gunting CHANGING PRESENT TENSE TO PAST TENSE By adding ‘ed’ to the verb PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE MEANING add added tambah adjust adjusted perbetul allow allowed benarkan appear appeared muncul ask asked tanya attack attacked serang bark barked salak call called panggil camp camped berkhemah chill chilled sejuk clean cleaned bersih climb climbed panjat collect collected kutip colour coloured mewarna comb combed sikat construct constructed membina contain contained mengandungi cook cooked memasak cover covered tutup crash crashed terhempas crawl crawled merangkak crush crushed dilenyek discover discovered menemui discuss discussed berbincang display displayed pamer disturb disturbed ganggu end ended tamat enjoy enjoyed gembira enter entered masuk exist existed ujud explain explained jelaskan faint fainted pengsan fetch fetched mengambil finish finished habis fix fixed pasang form formed membentuk gather gathered kumpul greet greeted menyapa hand handed menyerahkan happen happened berlaku help helped tolong invent invented mencipta join joined sertai jump jumped lompat knock knocked ketuk laugh laughed ketawa learn learned belajar look looked lihat match matched pasang mention mentioned sebut miss missed tertinggal need needed perlu nail nailed mengetuk order ordered mengarah paint painted mengecat pass passed lulus play played bermain possess possessed dirasuk pray prayed sembahyang pretend pretended berpura-pura print printed mencetak protect protected melindungi quarrel quarreled bertengkar rain rained hujan reach reached tiba record recorded merakam remember remembered teringat return returned pulang roll rolled bergolek sail sailed belayar scratch scratched calar search searched mencari sew sewed menjahit sharpen sharpened menajam shout shouted menjerit show showed tunjuk smell smelled menghidu soak soaked rendam start started mula stay stayed tinggal subject subjected tertakluk talk talked bercakap turn turned puing wait waited tunggu 3
  • 4. walk walked berjalan want wanted hendak wash washed basuh watch watched memerhati water watered menyiram whisper whispered berbisik work worked kerja By adding ‘d’ to the verb acquire acquired memerlukan agree agreed setuju approve approved lulus arrange arranged atur arrive arrived tiba bake baked memasak bathe bathed mandi behave behaved kelakuan believe believed percaya care cared jaga carve carved ukir cause caused sebab celebrate celebrated meraikan change changed tukar close closed tutup compare compared bandingkan complete completed lengkap continue continued berterusan cycle cycled mengayuh date dated bertarikh decide decided bercadang describe described menggambarkan divide divided mengagih donate donated derma exchange exchanged bertukar hate hated membenci hope hoped berharap introduce introduced memperkenal invite invited menjemput judge judged dihakimi like liked suka line lined garisan live lived tinggal love loved suka measure measured mengukur move moved bergerak name named menamakan observe observed memerhati organize organized menganjur paste pasted melekat place placed meletakkan prepare prepared menyediakan preserve preserved menjaga prove proved bukti provide provided menyediakan realize realized sedar recognize recognized mengecam reduce reduced berkurang remove removed mengalih revise revised semak save saved selamat score scored skor By changing ‘y’ to ‘ied’ carry carried bawa copy copied meniru cry cried menangis deny denied menafikan dry dried kering fry fried goreng identify identified mengenali marry married kahwin study studied belajar try tried cuba worry worried risau bury buried tanam By doubling the final letter of the word bar barred menghalang clap clapped tepuk clip clipped melekat drop dropped jatuhkan flip flipped selak rob robbed rompak scan scanned imbas shop shopped membeli-belah slap slapped tampar slip slipped gelincir can canned mengetin snip snipped menggunting spot spotted mengesan stop stopped berhenti snap snapped putus strip stripped melucut 4
  • 5. tap tapped mengetuk top topped menambah trip tripped tersadung trap trapped terperangkap wrap wrapped balut zip zipped zipkan Some verb remains the same cast cast campak cost cost harga cut cut potong hit hit langgar let let beri put put letak set set sedia shed shed membuang shut shut tutup read read baca By changing one or more letters Irregular Verbs are were ialah/sedang awake awoke bangun bear bore bosan become became menjadi begin began mula bend bent bengkok bite bit gigit blow blew tiup break broke pecah bring brought bawa build built bina burn burnt bakar buy bought beli can could boleh catch caught tangkap choose chose pilih creep crept merayap deal dealt berurusan dig dug gali do did buat dream dreamt mimpi drink drank minum drive drove memandu eat ate makan fall fell jatuh feed fed beri makan feel felt rasa fight fought lawan find found jumpa flee fled lari fly flew terbang forget forgot lupa get got dapat give gave bagi go went pergi grow grew tumbuh hang hung gantung have had ada hear heard dengar hide hid sembunyi hold held pegang is/am was ialah/sedang keep kept simpan know knew tahu lay laid letak learn learnt belajar leave left keluar lend lent bagi lie lay baring lose lost hilang make made buat may might boleh meet met jumpa pay paid bayar ride rode menunggang ring rang berdering rise rose naik run ran lari say said kata see saw lihat sell sold jual send sent hantar shake shook goncang shine shone bersinar shoot shot tembak sing sang nyanyi sink sank tenggelam sit sat duduk sleep slept tidur smell smelt bau speak spoke cakap 5
  • 6. spell spelt eja spend spent belanja stand stood berdiri steal stole curi stick stuck lekat swim swam renang take took ambil teach taught ajar tear tore koyak tell told beritahu think thought fikir throw threw lempar understand understood faham win won menang wear wore pakai COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive Comparative Superlative busy busier than the busiest beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful bad worse than the worst cheap cheaper than the cheapest clean cleaner than the cleanest clear clearer than the clearest clever cleverer than the cleverest cold colder than the coldest cool cooler than the coolest careful more careful the most careful comfortable more comfortable the most comfortable dark darker than the darkest dear dearer than the dearest deep deeper than the deepest dirty dirtier than the dirtiest dry drier than the driest dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous easy easier than the easiest expensive more expensive the most expensive fair fairer than the fairest far farther than the farthest fast faster than the fastest fat fatter than the fattest fine finer than the finest funny funnier than the funniest foolish more foolish the most foolish forgetful more forgetful the most forgetful great greater than the greatest green greener than the greenest good better than the best happy happier than the happiest hard harder than the hardest heavy heavier than the heaviest healthy healthier than the healthiest hot hotter than the hottest high higher than the highest hungry hungrier than the hungriest handsome more handsome the most handsome helpful more helpful the most helpful honest more honest the most honest important more important the most important kind kinder than the kindest large larger than the largest late later than the latest lazy lazier than the laziest light lighter than the lightest low lower than the lowest long longer than the longest lucky luckier than the luckiest little less than the least mad madder than the maddest merry merrier than the merriest much more than the most narrow narrower than the narrowest naughty naughtier than the naughtiest near nearer than the nearest new newer than the newest nice nicer than the nicest noisy noisier than the noisiest old older than the oldest pale paler than the palest Poor poorer than the poorest pretty prettier than the prettiest proud prouder than the proudest painful more painful the most painful peaceful more peaceful the most peaceful pleasant more pleasant the most pleasant polite more polite the most polite quick quicker than the quickest rich richer than the richest red redder than the reddest 6
  • 7. ripe riper than the ripest sad sadder than the saddest Safe safer than the safest shallow shallower than the shallowest sharp sharper than the sharpest short shorter than the shortest simple simpler than the simplest slow slower than the slowest soon sooner than the soonest small smaller than the smallest smooth smoother than the smoothest strong stronger than the strongest tall taller than the tallest sweet sweeter than the sweetest thick thicker than the thickest thin thinner than the thinnest tiny tinier than the tiniest true truer than the truest ugly uglier than the ugliest useful more useful the most useful warm warmer than the warmest wealthy wealthier than the wealthiest wet wetter than the wettest white whiter than the whitest wide wider than the widest wild wilder than the wildest wise wiser than the wisest young younger than the youngest ADVERBS (TELL US MORE ABOUT VERBS) VERB ADVERBS act quickly wisely bertindak dengan cepat dengan bijak answer correctly clearly jawab dengan betul dengan terang ask nicely humbly politely tanya dengan elok dengan sopan dengan sopan accept readily gratefully terima dengan hati terbuka dengan rasa syukur bark fiercely loudly joyfully salak dengan garang dengan kuat dengan gembira bleed badly profusely berdarah dengan teruk dengan banyak blow gently strongly tiup dengan perlahan dengan kuat bow humbly respectfully tunduk dengan sopan dengan penuh hormat clap loudly joyfully excitedly tepuk dengan kuat dengan seronok dengan teruja cry sadly bitterly loudly tangis dengan sedih dengan sayu dengan kuat dance gracefully beautifully menari dengan lancar dengan cantik drive carefully recklessly slowly pandu dengan cermat dengan cuai dengan perlahan eat greedily hungrily makan dengan gelojoh dengan lapar explain clearly briefly terang dengan jelas dengan ringkas fight bravely furiously lawan dengan berani dengan marah give generously kindly willingly bagi dengan murah hati dengan baik hati dengan rela hati greet politely cheerfully sapa dengan sopan dengan ceria laugh heartily happily loudly ketawa dengan sepenuh hati dengan gembira dengan kuat listen attentively carefully dengar dengan penuh minat dengan cermat look carefully shyly lovingly lihat dengan cermat dengan malu dgn kasih sayang COLLECTIVE NOUNS (PENJODOH BILANGAN) A cup of tea Secawan teh A glass of water Segelas air A pail of water Sebaldi air A box of pencils Sekotak pensil A piece of cloth Sehelai kain A piece of cake Sepotong kek A pair of shoes Sepasang kasut A pair of trousers Sepasang seluar A pair of scissors Sepasang gunting A pair of shorts Sepasang gunting A pair of earrings Sepasang anting-anting A pair of socks Sepasang setokin A bottle of oil Sebotol minyak 7
  • 8. A bottle of medicine Sebotol ubat A spoonful of sugar Sesudu gula A tin of sardines Setin sardine A tin of cocoa Setin koko A bar of soap Sebuku sabun A bar of chocolate Sebuku coklat A tin of biscuits Setin biskut A bag of flour Seguni tepung A bag of sugar Seguni gula A sack of rice Seguni beras A bunch of grapes Segugus anggur A bunch of crooks Sekumpulan penjahat A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A loaf of bread Sebuku roti A slice of bread Sekeping roti A packet of sweets Sepaket gula-gula A choir of singers Sekumpulan penyanyi A swarm of bees Sekumpulan lebah A herd of cows Sekumpulan lembu A herd of buffaloes Sekumpulan kerbau A herd of cattle Sekumpulan lembu ternakan A herd of elephants Sekumpulan gajah A herd of goats Sekumpulan kambing A shoal of fish Sekumpulan ikan A school of whales Sekumpulan paus A library of books Sebilangan buku A bouquet of flowers Sejambak bunga A team of players Sepasukan pemain A team of horses Sekumpulan kuda A team of oxen Sekumpulan sapi A forest of trees Sehutan pokok A fleet of ships Seangkatan armada A flight of steps Sebilangan anak tangga A flight of doves Sekumpulan burung merpati A clutch of egg Segugus telur A crate of fruits Sekotak buah A troupe of artists Sekumpulan artis A troupe of dancers Sekumpulan penari A gang of thieves Sekumpulan pencuri A gang of labourers Sekumpulan buruh A gang of prisoners Sekumpulan banduan An army of soldiers Sepasukan askar A band of musicians Sekumpulan ahli muzik A gang of robbers Sekumpulan penyamun A suit of clothes Sepersalinan pakaian A flock of birds Sekumpulan burung A flock of sheep Sekumpulan biri-biri A crew of sailors Sekumpulan kelasi A bevy of ladies Sekumpulan wanita A bevy of beauties Sekumpulan wanita cantik A fleet of cars Sebilangan kereta A brood of chickens Sekumpulan anak ayam A litter of puppies Sekumpulan anak anjing A litter of cubs Sekumpulan anak rimau A board of directors Satu lembaga pengarah A class of scholars Sekumpulan cendikiawan A cloud of flies Sekumpulan lalat A cloud of insects Sekumpulan serangga A company of actors Sekumpulan pelakun A company of soldiers Sekumpulan askar A crowd of people Sekumpulan orang A drove of cattle Sekumpulan lembu ternakan A drove of horses Sekumpulan kuda A dynasty of kings Sedinasti raja-raja A gaggle of geese Sekumpulan angsa A hive of bees Sekumpulan lebah A host of angles Sekumpulan malaikat A nest of ants Satu sarang semut A nest of mice Satu sarang tikus A nest of rabbits Satu sarang arnab A pack of hounds Sekumpulan anjing pengesan A pack of rascals Sekumpulan penyangak A pack of thieves Sekumpulan pencuri A pack of wolves Sekumpulan serigala A plague of insects Sewabak serangga A plague of locuts Sewabak belalang juta A pride of lions Sekumpulan singa A regiment of soldiers Serejimen askar A staff of servants Sekumpulan orang gaji A staff of teachers Sekumpulan guru A stud of horses Sekumpulan kuda A troop of lions Sekumpulan singa A troop of monkeys Sekumpulan monyet A troop of scouts Sekumpulan pengakap A troop of soldiers Sekumpulan askar A troupe of performers Sekumpulan penghibur An album of autographs Sealbum tanda tangan An album of photographs Sealbum gambar An album of stamps Sealbum setem An anthology of plays Satu antologi drama 8
  • 9. An anthology of poems Satu antologi sajak/puisi An anthology of songs Satu antologi lagu An anthology of stories Satu antologi cerita A bale of cotton Sebungkusan kapas A bale of wool Sebungkusan benang bulu A basket of fruits Seraga buah A batch of biscuits Sejumlah biskut A batch of bread Sejumlah roti A bunch of flowers Seikat bunga A bunch of grapes Seikat anggur A bundle of hay Seikat rumput kering A bundle of rags Seikat kain buruk A bundle of sticks Seikat kayu A chest of drawers Sekotak laci A cloud of dust Sekumpulan habuk A clump of bushes Serumpun semak A clump of trees Serumpun pohon A cluster of coconuts Segugus kelapa A cluster of diamonds Segugus berlian A cluster of grapes Segugus anggur A cluster of stars Segugus bintang A range of mountains Sebarisan gunung A set of china Satu set tembikar A set of tools Satu set alatan A stack of hay Setimbun rumput kering A stack of timber Setimbun balak A stack of wood Setimbun kayu A suite of rooms Serangkaian bilik A suite of furniture Serangkaian perabut A wad of notes Susunan wang kertas A collection of coins Satu koleksi duit syiling A collection of relics Satu koleksi barang warisan A collection of stamps Satu koleksi setem A column of smoke Sekumpulan asap A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A constellation of stars Segugusan bintang A flight of aeroplanes Sekumpulan kapal terbang A galaxy of stars Satu galaksi bintang A garland of flowers Sekalung bunga A group of islands Sekumpulan pulau A grove of trees Sekebun pokok A hail of blows Dihujani tumbukan A hail of bullets Dihujani peluru A hail of fire Dihujani api A harvest of corn Satu tuaian jagung A harvest of fire Semarak api A heap of rubbish Satu timbunan sampah A heap of ruins Satu timbunan runtuhan A heap of stones Satu timbunan batu A hedge of bushes Sepagar pokok renek A pack of cards Satu pek kad A pack of lies Satu pembohongan A rope of pearls Sekalung mutiara A sheaf of grains Seikat bijirin A string of beads Sekalung manik A string of pearls Sekalung mutiara A turf of grass Selapisan rumput A turf of hair Selapisan rambut A turf of feathers Selapisan bulu 9
  • 10. An anthology of poems Satu antologi sajak/puisi An anthology of songs Satu antologi lagu An anthology of stories Satu antologi cerita A bale of cotton Sebungkusan kapas A bale of wool Sebungkusan benang bulu A basket of fruits Seraga buah A batch of biscuits Sejumlah biskut A batch of bread Sejumlah roti A bunch of flowers Seikat bunga A bunch of grapes Seikat anggur A bundle of hay Seikat rumput kering A bundle of rags Seikat kain buruk A bundle of sticks Seikat kayu A chest of drawers Sekotak laci A cloud of dust Sekumpulan habuk A clump of bushes Serumpun semak A clump of trees Serumpun pohon A cluster of coconuts Segugus kelapa A cluster of diamonds Segugus berlian A cluster of grapes Segugus anggur A cluster of stars Segugus bintang A range of mountains Sebarisan gunung A set of china Satu set tembikar A set of tools Satu set alatan A stack of hay Setimbun rumput kering A stack of timber Setimbun balak A stack of wood Setimbun kayu A suite of rooms Serangkaian bilik A suite of furniture Serangkaian perabut A wad of notes Susunan wang kertas A collection of coins Satu koleksi duit syiling A collection of relics Satu koleksi barang warisan A collection of stamps Satu koleksi setem A column of smoke Sekumpulan asap A comb of bananas Sesikat pisang A constellation of stars Segugusan bintang A flight of aeroplanes Sekumpulan kapal terbang A galaxy of stars Satu galaksi bintang A garland of flowers Sekalung bunga A group of islands Sekumpulan pulau A grove of trees Sekebun pokok A hail of blows Dihujani tumbukan A hail of bullets Dihujani peluru A hail of fire Dihujani api A harvest of corn Satu tuaian jagung A harvest of fire Semarak api A heap of rubbish Satu timbunan sampah A heap of ruins Satu timbunan runtuhan A heap of stones Satu timbunan batu A hedge of bushes Sepagar pokok renek A pack of cards Satu pek kad A pack of lies Satu pembohongan A rope of pearls Sekalung mutiara A sheaf of grains Seikat bijirin A string of beads Sekalung manik A string of pearls Sekalung mutiara A turf of grass Selapisan rumput A turf of hair Selapisan rambut A turf of feathers Selapisan bulu 9