Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" was inspired by his observations of criminals during his imprisonment. The main character, Raskolnikov, commits a murder to test his theory that some people are extraordinary and exempt from moral and legal conventions. The novel examines Raskolnikov's complex psychology and inner conflict as he grapples with guilt for his crime. It also portrays the plight of the poor in 19th century Russian society and criticizes its lack of justice and compassion.