CONTROLLERS APPLICATIONS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

1. CONTROLLERS APPLICATIONS IN RENEWABLE
ENERGY SYSTEMS
Presented by:
Prof. M A Mallick
EED,
Integral University Lko
FDP
27th SEPT.- 1st OCT.
2019

2. INTRODCTION
• Controllers is an electronics package that operates between the
batteries and the motor to control the EVs speed and
acceleration much like a carburetor does in gasoline powered
vehicle.
• Controllers used in early Electric Vehicles(EVs)is used with DC
motors are simple variable resistor type controller that
controlled the acceleration and speed of vehicle.
Drawbacks:
• Full current and power is drawn from the battery all the time.
• At slow speeds, when full power was not needed a high
resistance was used to reduce the current to the motor. So a
large percentage of energy from the battery was wasted as an
energy loss in the resistor.

3. FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLLER
• Controller transforms the battery dc voltage to ac voltage(for
AC motors only) and regulates the energy flow from the
battery .
• Controller will also reverse the motor direction and convert
the motor to generator (so that the K.E. of motion can be
used to recharge the battery when the brake is applied).

4. MODERN CONTROLLERS
• Adjust the speed and acceleration by an electronic process
called Pulse Width Modulation(PWM).
 For low speeds, Ton is decreased
 For high speeds, Ton is increased
• Switching devices that are used are MOSFET,IGBT,SCR,GTO
etc.
• Switching devices such as SCRs rapidly inturrupt (turn on and
turn off)the electricity flow to the motor.
 High Power is achieved when the intervals (when the current
is turned off) are short.
 Low power occurs when the intervals are longer

5. ADVANCED CONTROLLERS
• Using Fuzzy logic and AI.
• Communication
• Controllers of most vehicles(HEV) also have a system for
regenerative braking.
 Regenerative braking(RB) is a process by which the motor is
used as a generator to recharge the batteries when the
vehicle is slowing down.
 During RB some of the KE normally absorbed by the brakes
that is turned into heat is converted to electricity by the
motor/controller and is used to recharge the batteries.
 RB not only increase the range of the vehicle by 5% -10% it
also decreases brake wear and reduces the maintenance cost.

6. ADVANCED CONTROLLERS USED IN HEV/PHEV/FCV

7. APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED CONTROLLERS
• Electric Vehicles
• HEV
• PHEV
• FC EV
• Vehicle manufacturing industries
• Solar Energy Systems
• Wind Energy Systems
• Space Vehicles

8. Toyota Prius Prime
2017

9. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
• Wind Energy is clean and renewable source of electric power.
• Fastest growing RE in world
• Wind turbines have to adapt to the changes in V,f,P of grid. So
the efficiency and reliability depends heavily on the control
strategy applied.

10. SOLAR POWER PLANTS
• Covering 0.22% of earth surface with solar collectors with an efficiency of
8% would be enough to satisfy the current global power consumption.
• Concentrating solar power technologies(CSP)
• SPV technology
• The main control problems with solar plants are related to sun tracking
and control the thermal variables is mainly done in closed loop.
• Solar plants exhibit changing dynamics,non linearities and
uncertainties,characteristics that result in detuned performance with
classical PID control.
• Advanced control strategies that can cope with issues are needed for
better performance and for decreasing the cost per kilowatt hour (unit)
generated.

11. SMART GRID
• Uncertainty and intermittency of wind and solar power generation are
major complications.
• The fuel potential of these renewables can e reached using smart grid- an
evaluation of electricity networks toward greater reliance on
communications,computation,and control.
• US Energy Independence and Security Act(EISA) of 2007.
The US Department of Energy has provided the description of the smart grid
 The application of the advanced digital technologies (i.e, microprocessor based
measurement and control,communications,computing and information systems)
are expected to greatly improve the reliability,security,interoperability and
efficiency of the electrical grid while reducing environmental impacts and
promoting economic growth. Achieving enhanced connectivity and
interoperability will require innovation,ingenuity and different applications,
systems and devices to operate seamlessly with one another involving the
combined use of open system architecture as an integration platform and
commonly shared technical standards and protocols for communications and
information systems.To realize smart grid capabilities,deployments must
integrate a vast number of smart devices and systems.

13. SMART GRID
• EU Smart Grid Technology Platform summarizes the benefits of
smart grid as follows:
 Better fecilitate the connection and operation of generators of all
sizes and technologies.
 Allow consumers to play a part in optimizing the operation of the
system
 Provide consumers with greater information and options for
choices of supply
 Significantly reduce the environmental impact of the whole
electricity supply system
 Maintain and improve the existing high levels of system reliability,
quality and security of supply
 Maintain and improve the existing services efficiently
 Foster market integration

14. COMPARISON OF SMART GRID AND EXISTING GRID
• Existing grid is dumb
• Current grid structure reflects carefully considering trade-offs
between cost and reliability.
• Large scale integration of new forms of generation and demand
with present grid is not possible
• Distributed generation will call for new approaches to power
system operation and control
• New types of loads, PHEV and Plug in Vehicles and their associated
Vehicle to Grid potential will offer challenges and opportunities.
• Cyberinfrastucture provides ubiquitous sensing and actuation
capabilities will be vital to achieving responsiveness needed for
future grid operations.
• Sensing and actuation will be pointless tough without appropriate
controls.

15. SUCCESSFUL APPLICATIONS OF CONTROL
Earlier Wind Energy Systems
 Charles F Brush designed and erected the world first automatically operating wind turbine in
Cleveland,Ohio in 1887for electricity generation(12kWp).An automatic control system ensured that the
turbine achieved effective action at 330rpm and the dc voltage is kept at 70-90V.
 Palmer Putnam developed 1.25MW(53ft.dia.)giant wind turbine in 1940 and installed in
Vermont,Pennsylvania.The two blades are based on hydraulic pitch control .
Modern Wind Energy Systems
 From late 1970s the modern wind driven electricity generators began appearing, at that time average
power output of a wind turbine was about 50kWwith blade length 8m.
 Power output of modern turbines deployed around the world are about 1.5-3.5 MW with blade length
more than 40m on shore and 60m offshore.So the cost/kW has decreased significantly and the
efficiency,reliability and availability of the machines have definitely improved.
 New multidisciplinary computer design tools able to simulate,analyse,and redesign in concurrent
engineering waythe aerodynamics,mechanics and electrical and control systems under several conditions
and external scenarios have extended the capability to develop more complex and efficient wind turbines.
 In this new approach the control system designs and the designers understanding of the system ‘s
dynamics from the control standpoint are playing a central role in new engineering achievements.

16. ONSHORE WIND TURBINES

17. OFFSHORE WIND TURBINE

18. HIGH and LOW SPEED TURBINE

19. FLYING WIND TURBINE

20. MULTIDISCIPLINARY COMPUTER DESIGN TOOLS FOR WIND
TURBINE
WORST CASE ANALYSIS
• Wind Speed
• Wind Profile
• Direction of Wind
• Air density
• Grid Voltage
• Frequency
• WTsituation:pitch,yaw,
vibration,power
RESULTS ANALYSIS
• Mechanical loads
• Mechanical Fatigue
• Weak Elements
• Temperatures
• Reliability
• Controllability
• Efficiency

21. REGULATION OF AMOUNT OF POWER CAPTURED BY ROTOR
Strategies:
• Passive stall control of fixed pitch
• Variable pitch control
• Active stall control
 As the machines sizes getting larger and power production trend toward variable pitch
control and active stall control.
Control Methods:
1. Gain scheduled proportional integral (GSPI) control
2. Disturbance accommodating control (DAC)
3. Adaptive control
Relative Performance of Controllers:
1. The normalized generator speed errors of GSPI, DAC and adaptive control are 0.1693,
0.2960,and 0.1727, respectively.
2. The average power output of the adaptive controller is slightly less than those of GSPI and
DAC.
3. The extreme flapwise moment is decreased about 11% in DAC and adaptive control.
4. The DAC controller exhibits a much larger error than the adaptive controller.

22. PERFORMANCE OF ADVANCED CONTROLLERS
Figure . Performances comparison of three
controllers

23. WIND TURBINE CONFIGURATIONS
• Squirrel Cage Induction Generator
 Poor Aerodynamic Efficiency(At partial load operation)
 Demand reactive power from grid and so has detrimental effect on voltage
• Wound Rotor Induction Generator
 Adjust the slip continuously
 Variable resistors through slip rings could be added so speed variation of about 10%
above synchronous speed can be compensated for without varying the generator
output frequency
• Dual Speed Generators with pole changing
(For low speed operation : noise ↓; performance ↑)
• Variable resistance IG(Low range of speed)
• DFIG(Moderate range of variable speed; 66.7%→ Stator ;Rotor→33.3% power
production)→Market
• Direct drive SG(multipole,wide range of speed control,For off shore applications,low
maintenance cost,high reliability,no gear box,improved aerodynamic efficiencyand
ability to assist grid voltage control)
• Hybrid Systems(Wide range of speed)

24. CONTROL ZONES FROM POWER CURVE OF A WIND
TURBINE
Below Rated Speed(Pr)
• WT produces only a fraction of its
design power so power optimization is
important
• Zone 1(Torque control)
Max. Aerodynamic Efficiency
• Zone 2(Transition)
Good Efficiency, smooth transients
• Above Rated Speed(Pr)
• WT supplies actual power to grid and
power limitation is important
• Zone 3(Pitch control)
Stability, Disturbance Rejection
Power delivered by the rotor is regulated
either by pitching the blades toward
the wind to maximize energy capture or
by pitching to feather to discard the
excess power and ensure mech.
Limitations are not exceeded.
Torque→ Constant
Pitch →Varied following the the demands
of a closed loop rotor speed controller
that optimizes energy capture and
follows wind speed variations

25. WIND TURBINE CONTROL

26. WIND CONTROLLERS

27. WIND-SOLAR CONTROLLERS

28. ON GRID AND OFF GRID WIND POWER SYSTEM

29. B.D OF WIND-SOLAR CONVERTER

30. WIND – SOLAR- BATTERY CONTROLLERS

31. SOLAR POWER PLANTS
• Solar Tower Power Plant(SPSS) 2.7MWth at focal point of a 43m high tower where heat
is collected by liquid sodium,92 heliostats (40m2)→1980 in a desert in Spain
 SPSS cannot be controlled with simple control strategies the required advanced
algorithms(Heuristic ) to compute the solar reflector positions as well as for self
calibration and prediction of the reflectors
• Parabolic Trough Collectors control
 PID control
 Gain schedule control
 Feed forward control
 Model based predictive control
 Cascade control
 Internal model control
 Time delay compensation
 Optimal control
 Non linear control
 Robust control
 Fuzzy control

32. MERITS OF ADVANCE CONTROL
• Reduce operating costs
• Increase SPP performance
• Maintaining operating temperature(optimal robust control
strategies)
• Automatic mirror cleaning devices
• Determine optimal operating points
• Fast ,automatic recalibration of heliostats
• Fault detection and isolation in SPP

33. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
• Grid Connected Systems :Reliable but power quality is main concern
• Stand Alone Systems: Freedom from power quality issues and electricity billing
Control Strategies:
 Sliding mode Control(for both systems )
 MPPT controllers(Accept high input voltages 600V dc from solar array and efficiently
convert it to 12V,24V,48Vdc).
 MPPT charge controllers increases the efficiency of battery charging state
 MPPT is a higher efficient DC-DC converter technology compared to shunt controller
and PWM technologies.
 Using a non MPPT charge controller is like connecting the battery directly to the solar
module
 MPPT utilizes whole module power by dictating the voltage of the battery charging
state.The charge controller keeps the voltage and current at the optimized level when
the module deliver the max.power.
 MPPT technology has nothing to do with solar tracking.MPPT is only a control feature
for a battery charger.

34. STAND ALONE SPV SYSTEM

36. MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER

37. SMART MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLER

38. INTELLIGENT CONTROLLER
PV Array
ADC
MPPT
Algorithm
Charge
Algorithm
Load Control
Board
Protection
DC-DC
Converter
Battery
Buck LED
Driver
Boost LED
Driver
VB
IB
VP
IP
Intelligent Controller
Light Sensor Temperature
sensor

39. NEXT DECADE GREEN VEHICLES
• A green vehicle, or clean vehicle, or eco-friendly vehicle or
environmental friendly vehicle is a road motor vehicle that
produces less harmful impacts to the environment than
comparable conventional IC engine vehicles running on
petrol or diesel, or one that uses certain alternative fuels.
• Presently, in some countries the term is used for any
vehicle complying or surpassing the more stringent
European Emission Standards(such as Euro6), or California's
zero emission vehicle standards (such as ZEV, ULEV, SULEV,
PZEV), or the low carbon fuel standards enacted in several
countries.

40. FUTURE VEHICLES
Green vehicles can be powered by alternative
fuels and advanced vehicle technologies and
include Solar vehicle, HEV, PHEV, BEV, Fuel Cell
Vehicles and Neat Ethanol Vehicles and some
sources also include vehicles using blends of
biodiesel and ethanol vehicle.

41. CONTROLLERS USED IN EVs

42. FUEL ECONOMY
• in November 2016, with an EPA-rated fuel
economy of 136 (mpg-e) (1.7 l/100 km), the
2017 Hyundai ionic became the most efficient
EPA-certified vehicle considering all fuels and
of all years, surpassing the 2014-2016 all
electric BMW i3.
• Proper tyre pressure,maintenance of
vehicle,removing unnecessary items improves
fuel economy

43. PARTS OF GREEN VEHICLES
• Inverter(450Vdc,PWM control,DC-AC,regeneration,double sided
cooling of HV power module promotes cooling,vector
control(V,I,f),Controller Area Network or Flexray for functional
safety)
• Motor(Square wire improves space factor by 20%(CCS/SCS) and
15% torque density(TO/SCD2*SCL)
• Batteries(Li ion 48V,BMS,increase in energy density by increasing
Li/unit weight,low environmental impact,safe,durable)
• Simulation driven analysis tech.(Energy/NV simulator verify electric
power train component performance,noise,vibrations,heat
levels,energy flow from battery to inverter and motor and provide
simulation analysis of the mechanical phenomena.

44. EV CONTROLLER
Electronic
Controller
Drivers Converter
Aux. Power Supply Batteries
M/G Transmission
Unit
Wheels
Wheels

45. Hyundai Ionic 2017

46. BMW i3(2014-16)

47. RANGE AND EFFICIENCY
• Range : In city,1.6L per 100Km
• Range has been extended to 200Km in EPA
certified vehicles
• Energy Efficiency:Energy taken by vehicles.
Low energy consumption implies high efficiency
and vice versa.

48. Comparison of several types of green car basic characteristics
(Values are overall for vehicles in current production and may differ between types)
Type of vehicle/
powertrain
Fuel economy
(mpg equivalent)
Range
Production cost
for given range
Reduction in CO2
compared to
conventional
Payback period
Conventional ICE 10–78
Long
(400–600 mi)
Low 0% -
Biodiesel 18–71
Long
(360–540 mi)
Low
varies
depending on
biodiesel
source[13]
-
All-electric 54–118
Shorter
(73–150 mi)
Luxury models
Medium
(160–300 mi)
High
Very high
varies
depending
on energy
source
-
Hydrogen fuel
cell
80[14] Astronomical
Hybrid electric 30–60 380 mi[14] Medium 5 years

49. TYPES
• Green vehicles include vehicles types that function fully
or partly on alternative energy sources other than fossil
fuel or less carbon intensive than gasoline or diesel.
• Another option is the use of alternative vehicle
composition in conventional fossil fuel-based vehicles,
making them function partially on renewable energy
sources. Other approaches include personal transit
system, a public transportation concept that offers
automated, on-demand, non-stop transportation on a
network of specially built guide ways.

50. ELECTRIC AND FUEL CELL-POWERED
• Examples of vehicles with reduced petroleum
consumption includes EVs, PHEV and FC EVs.
• EVs are typically more efficient than FC-powered
vehicles on a Tank to Wheels basis.They have
better fuel economy than conventional IC E
vehicles but are hampered by range or maximum
distance attainable before discharging the
battery. In EV batteries are their main cost. They
provide a 0% to 99.9% reduction in CO2 emissions
compared to an ICE (gasoline, diesel) vehicle,
depending on the source of electricity.

52. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
• Hybrid cars may be partly fossil fuel (or biofuel)
powered and partly electric or hydrogen-
powered. Most combine an internal combustion
engine with an electric engine, though other
variations too exist. The internal combustion
engine is often either a gasoline or Diesel engine
(in rare cases a Stirling engine may even be used).
• They are more expensive to purchase but cost
redemption is achieved in a period of about 5
years due to better fuel economy.

53. PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the Geneva Motor
Show, 2013

54. COMPRESSED AIR CARS, STIRLING VEHICLES, AND
OTHERS
• Compressed air cars, stirling-powered vehicles,
Liquid nitrogen vehicles are even less polluting than
electrical vehicles, as the vehicle and its components
can be made more environmentally friendly.
• Solar car races are held on a regular basis in order to
promote green vehicles and other "green
technology". These sleek driver-only vehicles can
travel long distances at highway speeds using only
the electricity generated instantaneously from the
sun.

55. Improving conventional cars
• A conventional vehicle can become a greener vehicle by mixing in renewable fuels or
using less carbon intensive fossil fuel. Typical gasoline-powered cars can tolerate up to
10% ethanol. Brazil manufactured cars that run on neat ethanol, though they were
discontinued. Another available option is a flexible-fuel vehicle which allows any blend
of gasoline and ethanol, up to 85% in North America and Europe, and up to 100% in
Brazil.
• Diesel-powered vehicles can often transition completely to biodiesel, though the fuel is
a very strong solvent, which can occasionally damage rubber seals in vehicles built
before 1994. More commonly, however, biodiesel causes problems simply because it
removes all of the built-up residue in an engine, clogging filters, unless care is taken
when switching from dirty fossil-fuel derived diesel to bio-diesel. It is very effective at
'de-coking' the diesel engines combustion chambers and keeping them clean. Biodiesel
is the lowest emission fuel available for diesel engines.

56. This presents problems, as biofuels can use food
resources in order to provide mechanical energy for
vehicles. Many experts point to this as a reason for
growing food prices, particularly US Bio-ethanol fuel
production which has affected maize prices. In order
to have a low environmental impact, biofuels should
be made only from waste products, or from new
sources like algae.
PROBLEMS OF BIOFUELS

57. Four views of the Brazilian made 2009 Fiat Siena Tetrafuel (runs on pure gasoline -E0-,
Brazilian alcohol (E20-E25), pure ethanol (E100), or any blend among the previous
fuels, or on natural gas (CNG). The switch among fuels is automatic. This is a flexible-
fuel + CNG vehicle

58. ELECTRIC MOTOR AND PEDAL POWERED VEHICLES
• Multiple companies are offering and developing
two, three, and four wheel vehicles combining
the characteristics of a bicycle with electric
motors.
• US Federal, State and Local laws do not clearly
nor consistently classify these vehicles as
bicycles, electric bicycles, motorcycles, electric
motorcycles, mopeds, Neighborhood Electric
Vehicle, motorised quadricycle or as a car. Some
laws have limits on top speeds, power of the
motors, range, etc. while others do not.

59. OTHER
• Public transportation vehicles are not usually included in the green vehicle category, but
Personal rapid transit (PRT) vehicles probably should be. All vehicles that are powered
from the track have the advantage of potentially being able to use any source of electric
energy, including sustainable ones, rather than requiring liquid fuels. They can also
switch regenerative braking energy between vehicles and the electric grid rather than
requiring energy storage on the vehicles. Also, they can potentially use the entire track
area for solar collectors, not just the vehicle surface. The potential PRT energy
efficiency is much higher than that which traditional automobiles can attain.
• Solar vehicles are electric vehicles powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels
on the surface (generally, the roof) of the vehicle. Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert the
Sun's energy directly into electrical energy. Solar vehicles are not practical day-to-day
transportation devices at present, but are primarily demonstration vehicles and
engineering exercises, often sponsored by government agencies. However, some cities
have begun offering solar-powered buses, including the Tindo in Adelaide, Australia.
• Wind-powered electric vehicles primarily use wind-turbines installed at a strategic
point of the vehicle, which are then converted into electric energy which causes the
vehicle to propel.

60. Benefits of green vehicle use
• Environmental
Vehicle emissions contribute to the increasing concentration of gases linked to
climate change. In order of significance, the principal greenhouse gases associated
with road transport are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O). Road transport is the third largest source of greenhouse gases emitted in
the UK, and accounts for over 20% of total emissions, and 33% in the United
States. Of the total greenhouse gas emissions from transport, over 85% are due to
CO2 emissions from road vehicles. The transport sector is the fastest growing
source of greenhouse gases.
• Health
Vehicle pollutants have been linked to human ill health including the incidence of
respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer. A 1998 report estimated
that up to 24,000 people die prematurely each year in the UK as a direct result of
air pollution. According to the World Health Organization, up to 13,000 deaths per
year among children (aged 0–4 years) across Europe are directly attributable to
outdoor pollution. The organization estimates that if pollution levels were
returned to within EU limits, more than 5,000 of these lives could be saved each
year.
• Monetary
Hybrid taxi fleet operators in New York have also reported that reduced fuel
consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year.

61. GREEN VEHICLE IN INDIA
 Atom Motors ‘Graphene 22’(To be launched soon)
 Mahindra e-Verito(For Customers)
 Mahindra e2o(Axed by Safety Norms)
 Tata Tigor EV 2019(9.99 lakh) for Institutional Buyers
 Hyundai’s Kona Electric
(25.3 lakh,ex showroom price)

63. NEW GREEN CARS
 Audi e-Tron(400km,95kwh battery,408hp,1.5 crore)
 BMWi 8Roadstar(143hp,250Nm,231hpEM,1.5l engine,plug in hybrid range
50km,2.8 crore
 Ford AspireEV(82hp,25kwhbattery,150KM)
 Jaguar I-Pace(Awarded in World Green Car2019)90kwh,480km
 MahindraeKUV10040kw,15.9kwhbattery,120km
 Maruti Suzuki Wagan R EV(200KM)
 MG eZS(45kwh,25lakh)
 Nissan Leaf(World best selling car,40kwh,241km,150hp,320Nm,40lakh)
 Renault City K-ZE9(250Km range)
 Renault Zoe(400km)
 Tata Altroz EV(250-300Km)
 Volvo XC 60(PHEV)

65. MARKET RESEARCH AND ADOPTION OF RET
BASS MODEL
n (t) = p. N+ (q - p) N (t) - (q/N) [N (t)]
N (t) =the number of customers who have already adopted the
innovation by time’t’.
N = parameter representing the total number of customers in the
adopting target all of whom will eventually adopt the target.
p = the coefficient of innovation (or coefficient of external influence).
q = the coefficient of imitation (or coefficient of internal influence).

66. MARKET PENETRATION
• If q > p, then imitation effects dominate the
innovation effects and the plot of n(t) against
time ‘t’ will have a S shaped curve.
• If p > q, then the innovation dominates the
imitation of that particular technology which
implies that in the beginning the adoption rate
is high but there will be decline of the
technology adoption with time.

67. PARAMETERS PREDICTING ADOPTION RATE OF NEW
PRODUCT
The innovation and imitation parameter namely ‘p’ and ‘q’ are expressed as
follows
p = 0.97 p′/ (1 + 0.4(1 +θ) p′)
q= 0.97 q′/ (1 + 0.4(1 +4θ) q′)
ST = a +bYT-1 + c (YT-2)**2
ST = Sales at ‘T’ period
YT-1= cumulative sales through period (T-1)
YT-2= cumulative sales through period (T-2)
a=p. m ; b =q – p ; c =–q/m
m= (-b±√b2 – 4ac)/2c

68. COMPARISION OF RETs USING FORECASTING MODELS
Table 1.
Comparison of parameters of BM using renewable sources for power
generation in India
RES a b c m p1 q1 Θ p q p:q
Wind
4.407 0.3385 -0.0005 766.73 0.0058 0.3328 57.8984 0.0049 0.0110 q>p
Small Hydro
1.748 0.0974 -0.0043 34.3 0.0510 0.0464 0.9107 0.0476 0.0414 p>q
Biomass
377 0.2582 -0.0002 2282.2 0.1652 0.0930 0.5628 0.1452 0.0805 p>q
Cogeneration (Bagasse)
0.491 0.9835 -1.5427 0.9668 0.5079 0.4756 0.9365 0.3536 0.2424 p>q

69. Table 2 Wind power generation potential of India using Bass Model up to 2020
Year Power(GW)
2001 0.2206
2002 0.4423
2003 0.6650
2004 0.8888
2005 1.1135
2006 1.3393
2007 1.5660
2008 1.7937
2009 2.0223
2010 2.2519
2011 2.4823
2012 2.7136
2013 2.9458
2014 3.1789
2015 3.4127
2016 3.6473
2017 3.8828
2018 4.1189
2019 4.3551
2020 4.5935

70. CASE STUDY
SHLS in villages of Barabanki (2008-2010)
Village No. of SHLS Year
Babri 03 2008
03 2009
05 2010
Gandhinagar 01 2008
02 2009
Changapurva 02 2009

71. CONCLUSIONS
The research shows that the growth rate of the solar
home lighting system in the rural areas is very slow.
The study is done in three nearby villages of
Barabanki where solar home lighting system is
installed on houses which are used for lighting
purposes. The technology diffusion model predicts
that an expected increase in the adoption would take
place after 2010 and it would go on up to 2030.

72. Thanks You